U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Account for 1999–2020
The travel and tourism industry—as measured by the real output of goods and services sold directly to visitors—decreased 48.0 percent in 2020 after increasing 1.0 percent in 2019, according to the most recent statistics from the Travel and Tourism Satellite Account (TTSA) of the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).1 By comparison, the broader economy, as measured by real gross domestic product (GDP), decreased 3.4 percent in 2020 after increasing 2.3 percent in 2019. Revised statistics on travel and tourism reflect the incorporation of the annual update of the Industry Economic Accounts, which was released on September 30, 2021.2
Highlights from the TTSA include the following:
- This is the largest contraction in real output since the TTSA began measuring these statistics in 1998.
- Travel and tourism's share of GDP fell from 2.92 percent in 2019 to a historic low of 1.71 percent in 2020. It remains larger than agriculture, mining, and utilities.
- The full economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be quantified in the TTSA estimates for 2020 because the impacts are generally embedded in source data and cannot be separately identified.
- Real output decreased in each of 24 commodities in 2020. The largest contributors to the decrease included gasoline, domestic passenger air transportation services, food and beverage services, and traveler accommodations.
- Prices for tourism goods and services decreased 4.8 percent in 2020. The largest contributor to the decrease in 2020 was the price of traveler accommodations, followed by the price of domestic passenger air transportation services, and the price of gasoline.
- Price growth turned down from 1.4 percent in 2019 to −4.8 percent in 2020.
- The TTSA is available on the BEA website; see the box “Data Availability.”
The remainder of this article includes a discussion of trends in travel and tourism output and prices, tourism value added, and employment.
Real output
The leading contributors to the 48.0 percent contraction in real travel and tourism output were gasoline, which decreased 83.7 percent and contributed –8.44 percentage points to the real output decline; domestic passenger air transportation services, which decreased 46.6 percent and contributed −7.08 percentage points; food and beverage services, which decreased 49.7 percent and contributed −6.83 percentage points; and traveler accommodations, which decreased 30.0 percent and contributed −5.85 percentage points. (table A and chart 1).
[Click chart to expand]
Note. April 11, 2022: In chart 1, the overall annual growth for 2020 has been corrected from −4.80 percent to −48.0 percent since this article was originally published.
| Commodity | Annual growth rates (percent change from preceding period) | Contributions (percentage points) | Real Output (millions of chained (2012) dollars) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
| All tourism goods and services | 2.6 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 1.0 | −48.0 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 1.0 | −48.0 | 999,107 | 1,030,655 | 1,082,540 | 1,093,405 | 568,380 |
| Traveler accommodations | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 0.0 | −30.0 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 0.00 | −5.85 | 180,921 | 185,274 | 191,823 | 191,777 | 134,283 |
| Food and beverage services | 0.9 | 0.0 | 4.5 | −4.0 | −49.7 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.62 | −0.55 | −6.83 | 125,087 | 125,125 | 130,744 | 125,458 | 63,126 |
| Transportation | 5.1 | 5.6 | 7.0 | 3.8 | −54.6 | 2.12 | 2.36 | 3.05 | 1.70 | −24.29 | 468,001 | 494,277 | 528,918 | 549,140 | 249,487 |
| Passenger air transportation | 2.6 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 6.4 | −47.4 | 0.51 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 1.25 | −9.54 | 198,115 | 207,540 | 217,028 | 230,937 | 121,583 |
| Domestic passenger air transportation services | 3.4 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 5.7 | −46.6 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.84 | −7.08 | 147,056 | 153,626 | 163,309 | 172,554 | 92,124 |
| International passenger air transportation services | 0.1 | 5.6 | −0.5 | 8.8 | −49.6 | 0.01 | 0.27 | −0.03 | 0.41 | −2.46 | 51,077 | 53,950 | 53,677 | 58,377 | 29,410 |
| All other transportation-related commodities | 7.4 | 6.4 | 9.0 | 1.8 | −60.5 | 1.60 | 1.43 | 2.16 | 0.45 | −14.75 | 271,521 | 288,771 | 314,723 | 320,417 | 126,447 |
| Passenger rail transportation services | −0.8 | 2.0 | −2.4 | 12.6 | −70.7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.16 | 2,207 | 2,251 | 2,198 | 2,475 | 726 |
| Passenger water transportation services | −1.5 | 3.2 | 11.1 | 14.8 | −43.9 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.23 | −0.77 | 14,401 | 14,858 | 16,509 | 18,946 | 10,620 |
| Intercity bus services | 3.3 | 6.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | −33.5 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 1,364 | 1,456 | 1,465 | 1,479 | 984 |
| Intercity charter bus services | −1.5 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 8.8 | −48.9 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.12 | 2,352 | 2,440 | 2,546 | 2,770 | 1,415 |
| Local bus and other transportation services | 13.5 | 42.6 | 16.1 | −2.9 | −46.4 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.13 | −0.03 | −0.40 | 5,244 | 7,480 | 8,683 | 8,430 | 4,519 |
| Taxicab services | −21.9 | 7.5 | 19.2 | 0.8 | −63.5 | −0.13 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.00 | −0.34 | 4,043 | 4,348 | 5,184 | 5,224 | 1,908 |
| Scenic and sightseeing transportation services | 0.2 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 4.7 | −69.6 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.25 | 3,186 | 3,261 | 3,272 | 3,426 | 1,043 |
| Automotive rental and leasing | 11.6 | 3.5 | 12.8 | 18.6 | −30.1 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.40 | 0.61 | −1.14 | 33,704 | 34,874 | 39,344 | 46,644 | 32,621 |
| Other vehicle rental and leasing | 1.5 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 2.3 | −21.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 628 | 667 | 708 | 724 | 572 |
| Automotive repair services | 7.7 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 2.4 | −35.5 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.46 | 11,355 | 11,614 | 12,024 | 12,312 | 7,945 |
| Parking | −2.2 | 2.2 | 5.7 | 7.8 | −52.9 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.15 | 2,272 | 2,322 | 2,454 | 2,645 | 1,245 |
| Highway tolls | 4.4 | 2.4 | 3.6 | −8.0 | −26.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 836 | 856 | 887 | 816 | 604 |
| Travel arrangement and reservation services | 10.2 | 13.0 | 12.0 | −9.8 | −52.7 | 0.44 | 0.60 | 0.59 | −0.51 | −2.43 | 44,966 | 50,823 | 56,902 | 51,340 | 24,308 |
| Gasoline | 8.8 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 0.4 | −83.7 | 0.80 | 0.32 | 0.71 | 0.04 | −8.44 | 147,409 | 152,260 | 162,470 | 163,059 | 26,636 |
| Recreation, entertainment, and shopping | −0.1 | 1.3 | 2.9 | −0.6 | −49.7 | −0.02 | 0.30 | 0.66 | −0.14 | −11.05 | 205,217 | 207,879 | 213,929 | 212,604 | 106,988 |
| Recreation and entertainment | 2.7 | 2.4 | 1.8 | −4.3 | −57.8 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.18 | −0.43 | −5.69 | 89,867 | 92,040 | 93,662 | 89,649 | 37,796 |
| Motion pictures and performing arts | −0.3 | −1.3 | 5.2 | 1.1 | −49.5 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.02 | −0.83 | 15,202 | 15,002 | 15,776 | 15,945 | 8,054 |
| Spectator sports | 6.6 | 3.5 | 10.1 | 5.1 | −22.2 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.13 | 4,254 | 4,404 | 4,849 | 5,095 | 3,964 |
| Participant sports | 6.6 | 7.1 | 11.1 | 0.0 | −48.3 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.00 | −0.80 | 13,543 | 14,510 | 16,114 | 16,118 | 8,325 |
| Gambling | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.4 | −1.9 | −67.8 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 | −0.09 | −3.42 | 49,427 | 50,216 | 50,906 | 49,945 | 16,084 |
| All other recreation and entertainment | 3.8 | 4.5 | −12.6 | −30.3 | −58.1 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.19 | −0.38 | −0.51 | 14,269 | 14,916 | 13,043 | 9,088 | 3,808 |
| Shopping | −2.2 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 2.4 | −43.2 | −0.30 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 0.29 | −5.36 | 130,495 | 130,988 | 136,064 | 139,373 | 79,163 |
The downturn in real output was led by the downturn in domestic passenger air transportation services spending, which decreased 46.6 percent in 2020 after reaching 5.7 percent growth in 2019. Other large contributors to the downturn included gasoline, which decreased 83.7 percent in 2020 after decreasing 0.4 percent in 2019; traveler accommodations, which showed a 30.0 percent decrease in 2020 after remaining flat in 2019, and food and beverage services, which decreased 49.7 percent, a sharper decline than the 4.0 percent decline in 2019.
Prices
Travel and tourism prices decreased 4.8 percent in 2020, after 3 years of increasing prices. The price decrease was led by a 7.2 percent decrease in the price of traveler accommodations, contributing −1.67 percentage points to the overall tourism price decline. Other contributors were the prices of domestic passenger air transportation services, which fell 10.0 percent and contributed −1.58 percentage points, and the price of gasoline, which decreased 15.1 percent, and contributed −1.06 percentage points to the overall tourism price decline.
The decrease in overall tourism prices was partly offset by increases in the prices of food and beverage services; the prices of a few of the commodities within other transportation; and the prices of recreation and entertainment (table B and chart 2).
[Click chart to expand]
| Commodity | Annual growth rates (percent change from preceding period) | Contributions (percentage points) | Price Indexes (index number, 2012=100) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
| All tourism goods and services | −1.1 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 1.4 | −4.8 | −1.1 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 1.4 | −4.8 | 97.6 | 99.9 | 102.9 | 104.4 | 99.4 |
| Traveler accommodations | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 2.9 | −7.2 | 0.52 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.56 | −1.67 | 111.8 | 113.0 | 114.1 | 117.4 | 108.9 |
| Food and beverage services | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 110.3 | 113.0 | 115.9 | 119.5 | 124.0 |
| Transportation | −4.5 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 0.6 | −8.6 | −1.94 | 1.38 | 2.03 | 0.26 | −3.67 | 87.0 | 89.9 | 94.1 | 94.6 | 86.5 |
| Passenger air transportation | −3.5 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | −9.5 | −0.70 | 0.09 | 0.50 | 0.52 | −1.96 | 96.4 | 96.9 | 99.3 | 101.9 | 92.3 |
| Domestic passenger air transportation services | −3.2 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 3.4 | −10.0 | −0.49 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.51 | −1.58 | 97.3 | 97.9 | 99.7 | 103.1 | 92.9 |
| International passenger air transportation services | −4.2 | −0.3 | 4.8 | 0.2 | −7.8 | −0.21 | −0.01 | 0.23 | 0.01 | −0.39 | 94.0 | 93.8 | 98.2 | 98.4 | 90.7 |
| All other transportation-related commodities | −5.5 | 5.7 | 6.4 | −1.0 | −7.7 | −1.24 | 1.29 | 1.54 | −0.27 | −1.71 | 79.6 | 84.2 | 89.6 | 88.6 | 81.9 |
| Passenger rail transportation services | 2.2 | 3.3 | 1.6 | −5.0 | 2.2 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 100.2 | 103.5 | 105.2 | 100.0 | 102.1 |
| Passenger water transportation services | 3.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | −0.6 | −3.6 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 104.0 | 104.9 | 105.2 | 104.6 | 100.9 |
| Intercity bus services | 3.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | −0.6 | −4.3 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 104.1 | 105.0 | 105.3 | 104.7 | 100.2 |
| Intercity charter bus services | 3.6 | 0.9 | 0.3 | −0.7 | −3.8 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 104.1 | 105.0 | 105.3 | 104.6 | 100.6 |
| Local bus and other transportation services | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.1 | −1.8 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 109.6 | 111.6 | 113.5 | 114.8 | 112.6 |
| Taxicab services | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.1 | −1.2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 109.7 | 111.6 | 113.5 | 114.8 | 113.4 |
| Scenic and sightseeing transportation services | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 107.8 | 110.6 | 113.2 | 115.8 | 117.6 |
| Automotive rental and leasing | −7.5 | 0.4 | 2.2 | −0.5 | −6.1 | −0.24 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.27 | 91.6 | 91.9 | 94.0 | 93.5 | 87.8 |
| Other vehicle rental and leasing | 2.6 | −2.3 | −0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 105.7 | 103.2 | 102.3 | 102.9 | 103.7 |
| Automotive repair services | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 106.5 | 108.5 | 110.5 | 114.2 | 118.1 |
| Parking | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 111.8 | 114.6 | 117.2 | 120.5 | 121.4 |
| Highway tolls | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 111.8 | 114.6 | 117.3 | 120.5 | 121.3 |
| Travel arrangement and reservation services | −0.1 | −0.2 | 0.5 | 2.1 | −7.4 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.10 | −0.33 | 101.5 | 101.3 | 101.9 | 104.0 | 96.3 |
| Gasoline | −11.4 | 13.1 | 13.5 | −3.6 | −15.1 | −1.13 | 1.20 | 1.37 | −0.40 | −1.06 | 60.3 | 68.2 | 77.3 | 74.6 | 63.3 |
| Recreation, entertainment, and shopping | 0.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 100.1 | 102.0 | 104.1 | 104.9 | 105.1 |
| Recreation and entertainment | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 105.9 | 108.3 | 110.6 | 112.7 | 114.2 |
| Motion pictures and performing arts | 3.6 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 109.0 | 111.8 | 114.2 | 116.3 | 117.9 |
| Spectator sports | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 117.0 | 119.6 | 121.7 | 124.2 | 127.9 |
| Participant sports | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 105.4 | 107.8 | 110.9 | 113.8 | 115.4 |
| Gambling | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 104.5 | 106.8 | 109.4 | 111.4 | 112.9 |
| All other recreation and entertainment | 1.6 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | −0.2 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 104.2 | 106.6 | 107.2 | 108.2 | 108.0 |
| Shopping | −1.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | −0.1 | −0.7 | −0.16 | 0.21 | 0.24 | −0.01 | −0.08 | 95.9 | 97.5 | 99.3 | 99.2 | 98.6 |
The downturn in the overall tourism price was led by the downturn in the price of traveler accommodations, a 7.2 percent decrease following a 2.9 percent increase in 2019, and the price of domestic passenger air transportation services, which decreased 10.0 percent after increasing 3.4 percent in 2019.
Total output
Total tourism-related nominal output fell to $978.4 billion in 2020 from $1.96 trillion in 2019. In 2020, total output consisted of $564.8 billion in direct tourism output and $413.6 billion in indirect tourism output. The 1.73 ratio of total output to direct output in 2020 means that every dollar of direct tourism output requires an additional 73 cents of indirect tourism output (chart 3).
[Click chart to expand]
Direct tourism output includes goods and services sold directly to visitors, such as passenger air travel. Indirect tourism output includes sales of all goods and services used to produce that direct output, such as jet fuel to fly the plane and catering services for longer flights.
Value added
A sector's value added measures its contribution to gross domestic product. In 2019, the travel and tourism industry's share of GDP decreased to 1.7 percent from 2.9 percent (table C). While this indicates that travel and tourism industries are contracting disproportionately to non-travel and tourism industries, travel and tourism continued to account for a larger share of GDP than several industries, including utilities, mining, and agriculture.
| Year | Billions of dollars | Percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product (GDP) | Tourism value added | Tourism value added as a share of GDP | |
| 2013 | 16,843 | 475 | 2.82 |
| 2014 | 17,551 | 489 | 2.79 |
| 2015 | 18,206 | 525 | 2.89 |
| 2016 | 18,695 | 540 | 2.89 |
| 2017 | 19,480 | 567 | 2.91 |
| 2018 | 20,527 | 602 | 2.93 |
| 2019 | 21,373 | 625 | 2.92 |
| 2020 | 20,894 | 357 | 1.71 |
Direct employment
Direct tourism employment refers to jobs that are directly related to visitor spending on goods and services. Airline pilots, hotel clerks, and travel agents are examples of such employees. Overall, direct employment decreased 36.0 percent in 2020, after decreasing 0.5 percent in 2019. The largest contributors to the decrease were food services and drinking places, which lost 822,000 jobs in 2020; traveler accommodations, which lost 482,000 jobs; gasoline, which lost 152,000 jobs; and participant sports and air transportation services, which lost 137,000 and 133,000 jobs respectively (chart 4 and table D).
[Click chart to expand]
| Commodity | Annual growth rates (percent change from preceding period) | Contributions (percentage points) | Direct employment (thousands) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
| All tourism industries | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.7 | −0.5 | −36.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.7 | −0.5 | −36.0 | 5849 | 5944 | 6103 | 6070 | 3887 |
| Traveler accommodations | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 | −30.8 | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.46 | −7.93 | 1481 | 1510 | 1537 | 1565 | 1083 |
| Vacation Home Rentals | −0.6 | 2.5 | −1.2 | 0.9 | −4.3 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 |
| Food services and drinking places | 1.9 | −0.3 | 3.0 | −4.3 | −48.3 | 0.55 | −0.09 | 0.88 | −1.24 | −13.54 | 1729 | 1724 | 1776 | 1701 | 878 |
| Transportation | 3.5 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 2.8 | −32.4 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.66 | −7.88 | 1332 | 1390 | 1436 | 1476 | 998 |
| Air transportation services | 1.9 | 6.1 | 2.7 | 3.9 | −21.5 | 0.18 | 0.57 | 0.26 | 0.38 | −2.19 | 545 | 579 | 594 | 618 | 484 |
| All other transportation-related industries | 4.7 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 2.0 | −40.2 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.28 | −5.69 | 787 | 812 | 842 | 859 | 513 |
| Rail transportation services | −2.9 | −2.4 | −3.8 | 2.1 | −51.9 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 4 |
| Water transportation services | 2.2 | −1.4 | 6.1 | 13.5 | −36.6 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.09 | −0.26 | 37 | 36 | 38 | 44 | 28 |
| Interurban bus transportation | −2.8 | 3.1 | −1.0 | 0.8 | −27.0 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 13 |
| Interurban charter bus transportation | −0.6 | 1.8 | −0.5 | −3.4 | −42.3 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.13 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 11 |
| Urban transit systems and other transportation | 8.0 | 23.6 | 5.9 | −10.5 | −29.2 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.07 | −0.14 | −0.34 | 60 | 74 | 78 | 70 | 50 |
| Taxi service | −10.0 | −10.6 | −8.5 | 7.6 | −55.4 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 3 |
| Scenic and sightseeing transportation services | 3.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.6 | −45.7 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.25 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 18 |
| Automotive equipment rental and leasing | 1.8 | 3.1 | 10.7 | 13.0 | −19.1 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.24 | −0.40 | 99 | 102 | 113 | 128 | 103 |
| Automotive repair services | 5.0 | −2.2 | 0.4 | −1.6 | −28.1 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.34 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 53 |
| Parking lots and garages | −0.4 | 0.1 | 7.9 | 9.4 | −56.4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.39 | 36 | 36 | 38 | 42 | 18 |
| Toll highways | 5.8 | 2.5 | 13.4 | −8.2 | −35.4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 |
| Travel arrangement and reservation services | 8.1 | 0.9 | −0.4 | −0.8 | −23.0 | 0.27 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.77 | 203 | 205 | 204 | 203 | 156 |
| Petroleum refineries | 4.7 | 0.9 | −0.2 | 3.8 | −37.1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 6 |
| Gasoline service stations | 5.8 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 1.9 | −76.5 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.06 | −2.50 | 177 | 184 | 194 | 198 | 47 |
| Recreation, entertainment, and shopping | 1.8 | 1.3 | 2.7 | −2.4 | −31.5 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.48 | −0.43 | −5.55 | 1052 | 1066 | 1094 | 1068 | 731 |
| Recreation and entertainment | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.8 | −5.4 | −48.6 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.45 | −0.51 | −4.38 | 531 | 553 | 579 | 548 | 282 |
| Motion pictures and performing arts | 2.6 | −2.7 | −4.5 | −10.5 | −11.6 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.08 | −0.08 | 52 | 50 | 48 | 43 | 38 |
| Spectator sports | 5.5 | 2.5 | 6.8 | 0.7 | −19.4 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.14 | 40 | 41 | 43 | 44 | 35 |
| Participant sports | 8.7 | 7.3 | 11.5 | 0.3 | −47.1 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.01 | −2.26 | 243 | 260 | 290 | 291 | 154 |
| Gambling | −0.2 | 3.7 | 3.4 | −11.3 | −65.0 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | −0.25 | −1.29 | 126 | 131 | 136 | 120 | 42 |
| All other recreation and entertainment | 2.5 | −0.5 | −12.0 | −19.7 | −74.8 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.14 | −0.20 | −0.62 | 71 | 71 | 62 | 50 | 13 |
| Shopping | −1.1 | −1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 | −13.6 | −0.10 | −0.13 | 0.04 | 0.09 | −1.17 | 520 | 513 | 515 | 520 | 449 |
| Industries producing nondurable PCE commodities, excluding petroleum refineries | −1.3 | −1.7 | 1.2 | 2.8 | −6.4 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.15 | 134 | 132 | 133 | 137 | 128 |
| Retail trade services, excluding gasoline service stations | −1.0 | −1.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | −16.2 | −0.07 | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −1.02 | 386 | 381 | 382 | 383 | 321 |
| All other industries | −0.4 | −0.5 | 2.5 | 0.1 | −25.9 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.29 | 239 | 238 | 244 | 244 | 181 |
| All other industries, excluding Wholesale trade and transportation services | −0.5 | −1.3 | 2.8 | −4.6 | −22.6 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.29 | 80 | 79 | 81 | 77 | 60 |
| Wholesale trade and transportation services | −0.3 | −0.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | −27.5 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.76 | 159 | 159 | 163 | 167 | 121 |
Total employment
Total tourism-related employment (the sum of direct and indirect jobs) decreased to 6.3 million jobs in 2020 from 9.5 million jobs in 2019. The 6.3 million jobs consisted of 3.9 million direct tourism jobs and 2.4 million indirect tourism jobs (chart 5). While direct tourism employment includes jobs that produce direct tourism output, such as airline pilots, indirect tourism employment is generated by the businesses that supply goods and services to the tourism sector, such as refinery workers producing jet fuel. The most recent data indicate that for every 100 jobs supported directly by the travel and tourism industry, an additional 61 indirect tourism jobs are also required.
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- All measures of travel and tourism activity not identified as being in “real,” inflation-adjusted terms are current-dollar estimates.
- For more information see “The 2021 Annual Update of the Industry Economic Accounts: Revised Statistics for 1999–2020 and the First Quarter of 2021,” Survey of Current Business 101 (October 2021).
