GDP and the Economy

Advance Estimates for the Fourth Quarter of 2022

February 6, 2023

Download PDF

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 2.9 percent in the fourth quarter of 2022, according to the “advance” estimates of the National Income and Product Accounts (chart 1 and table 1).1 In the third quarter, real GDP increased 3.2 percent.

In 2022 (from the 2021 annual level to the 2022 annual level), real GDP increased 2.1 percent after increasing 5.9 percent in 2021 (see “Real GDP, 2022”).

Chart 1. Real GDP: Percent Change from Preceding Quarter

[View larger chart]
Chart 2. Real GDP: Contributions to the Percent Change in 2022:Q4

[View larger chart]

The 2.9 percent increase in real GDP reflected increases in private inventory investment, consumer spending, federal government spending, state and local government spending, and nonresidential fixed investment that were partly offset by decreases in residential fixed investment and exports. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, decreased (chart 2 and table 1).2

  • The increase in private inventory investment was led by manufacturing (led by petroleum and coal products and chemical manufacturing) as well as construction, mining, and utilities (led by utilities) that were partly offset by a decrease in retail trade industries (led by “other” retailers excluding fuel dealers).
  • The increase in consumer spending reflected increases in both services (led by health care, housing and utilities, and “other” services) and goods (led by motor vehicles and parts).
  • The increase in federal government spending was led by nondefense and primarily reflected a decline in sales of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, based on data from the U.S. Department of Energy. Within the National Economic Accounts, these sales are deducted from government consumption expenditures; therefore, a decrease in sales results in a corresponding increase in consumption expenditures. Because the oil sold by the government enters private inventories, there is no direct net effect on GDP.
  • The increase in state and local government spending was led by increases in compensation of state and local government employees.
  • Within nonresidential fixed investment, an increase in intellectual property products was partly offset by a decrease in equipment.
  • Within residential fixed investment, the leading contributors to the decrease were new single-family construction and brokers' commissions.
  • Within exports, the decrease primarily reflected a decrease in goods that was partly offset by an increase in services. The decrease in exports of goods primarily reflected decreases in industrial supplies and materials; foods, feeds, and beverages; and nondurable consumer goods. Within exports of services, travel and transport services were the leading contributors to the increase.
  • Within imports, the decrease primarily reflected a decrease in imports of goods (notably, durable consumer goods).

Real GDP decelerated in the fourth quarter, compared to in the third quarter. The deceleration primarily reflected a downturn in exports and decelerations in nonresidential fixed investment, state and local government spending, and consumer spending. These movements were partly offset by an upturn in private inventory investment, an acceleration in federal government spending, and a smaller decrease in residential fixed investment. Imports decreased less in the fourth quarter than in the third quarter.

 

Table 1. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Related Measures
[Seasonally adjusted at annual rates]
Line Series Share of current-dollar GDP (percent) Change from preceding period (percent) Contribution to percent change in real GDP (percentage points)
2022 2022 2022
Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 Gross domestic product (GDP)1 100.0 −1.6 −0.6 3.2 2.9 −1.6 −0.6 3.2 2.9
2 Personal consumption expenditures 68.0 1.3 2.0 2.3 2.1 0.91 1.38 1.54 1.42
3 Goods 22.9 −0.1 −2.6 −0.4 1.1 −0.02 −0.61 −0.08 0.26
4 Durable goods 8.3 7.6 −2.8 −0.8 0.5 0.64 −0.24 −0.07 0.04
5 Nondurable goods 14.5 −4.4 −2.5 −0.1 1.5 −0.66 −0.37 −0.01 0.22
6 Services 45.1 2.1 4.6 3.7 2.6 0.93 1.99 1.63 1.16
7 Gross private domestic investment 17.8 5.4 −14.1 −9.6 1.4 0.98 −2.83 −1.80 0.27
8 Fixed investment 17.1 4.8 −5.0 −3.5 −6.7 0.83 −0.92 −0.62 −1.20
9 Nonresidential 13.2 7.9 0.1 6.2 0.7 0.98 0.01 0.80 0.09
10 Structures 2.5 −4.3 −12.7 −3.6 0.4 −0.11 −0.34 −0.09 0.01
11 Equipment 5.2 11.4 −2.0 10.6 −3.7 0.55 −0.11 0.53 −0.20
12 Intellectual property products 5.4 10.8 8.9 6.8 5.3 0.54 0.46 0.36 0.28
13 Residential 4.0 −3.1 −17.8 −27.1 −26.7 −0.15 −0.93 −1.42 −1.29
14 Change in private inventories 0.6 --- --- --- --- 0.15 −1.91 −1.19 1.46
15 Net exports of goods and services −3.2 --- --- --- --- −3.13 1.16 2.86 0.56
16 Exports 11.5 −4.6 13.8 14.6 −1.3 −0.53 1.51 1.65 −0.15
17 Goods 7.8 −7.2 15.5 17.8 −7.0 −0.58 1.18 1.38 −0.58
18 Services 3.7 1.6 9.9 7.5 12.4 0.06 0.33 0.26 0.43
19 Imports 14.8 18.4 2.2 −7.3 −4.6 −2.60 −0.35 1.21 0.71
20 Goods 12.1 20.4 −0.4 −8.6 −5.6 −2.38 0.05 1.19 0.72
21 Services 2.7 9.1 16.6 −0.8 0.4 −0.22 −0.41 0.02 −0.01
22 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment 17.5 −2.3 −1.6 3.7 3.7 −0.40 −0.29 0.65 0.64
23 Federal 6.5 −5.3 −3.4 3.7 6.2 −0.36 −0.22 0.24 0.39
24 National defense 3.6 −8.5 1.4 4.7 2.4 −0.33 0.05 0.17 0.09
25 Nondefense 2.9 −1.1 −9.2 2.5 11.2 −0.03 −0.28 0.07 0.30
26 State and local 11.0 −0.4 −0.6 3.7 2.3 −0.04 −0.06 0.41 0.25
Addenda:
27 Gross domestic income (GDI)2 --- 0.8 −0.8 0.8 --- --- --- --- ---
28 Average of GDP and GDI --- −0.4 −0.7 2.0 --- --- --- --- ---
29 Final sales of domestic product --- −1.8 1.3 4.5 1.4 --- --- --- ---
30 Goods 31.7 −5.4 −3.0 7.3 6.6 −1.76 −0.96 2.28 2.06
31 Services 60.2 1.0 3.1 3.9 3.4 0.57 1.83 2.30 2.04
32 Structures 8.1 −4.9 −15.3 −14.6 −13.6 −0.44 −1.44 −1.34 −1.20
  1. The GDP estimates under the contribution columns are also percent changes.
  2. GDI is deflated by the implicit price deflator for GDP.

Note. Percent changes are from National Income and Product Account (NIPA) tables 1.1.1 and 1.2.1, contributions are from NIPA tables 1.1.2 and 1.2.2, and shares are from NIPA table 1.1.10 or are calculated from NIPA table 1.2.5.

The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis' featured measure of inflation in the U.S. economy, the price index for gross domestic purchases (goods and services purchased by U.S. residents), increased 3.2 percent in the fourth quarter after increasing 4.8 percent in the third quarter (table 2 and chart 3). The price index for personal consumption expenditures increased 3.2 percent in the fourth quarter after increasing 4.3 percent in the third. Price increases reflected increases for services that were partly offset by a decrease in prices for goods.

  • Within services, price increases were widespread across most categories. The leading contributors were housing and utilities (mainly prices for the imputed rental of owner-occupied nonfarm housing) and food services and accommodations (led by purchased meals and beverages).
  • Within goods, the leading contributors were decreases in gasoline and other energy goods and used motor vehicles.

Within gross domestic purchases, food prices increased 6.0 percent in the fourth quarter after increasing 13.4 percent in the third quarter. Prices for energy goods and services decreased 15.4 percent after decreasing 13.1 percent. Gross domestic purchases prices excluding food and energy increased 3.8 percent after increasing 5.0 percent.

Consumer prices excluding food and energy, a measure of the “core” rate of inflation, increased 3.9 percent in the fourth quarter after increasing 4.7 percent in the third quarter.

Chart 3. Prices for Gross Domestic Purchases

[View larger chart]

 

Table 2. Prices for Gross Domestic Purchases
[Percent change at annual rates; based on seasonally adjusted index numbers (2012=100)]
Line Series Change from preceding period (percent) Contribution to percent change in gross domestic purchases prices (percentage points)
2022 2022
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 Gross domestic purchases1 8.1 8.5 4.8 3.2 8.1 8.5 4.8 3.2
2 Personal consumption expenditures 7.5 7.3 4.3 3.2 4.90 4.81 2.85 2.08
3 Goods 12.6 10.6 2.7 −1.5 2.76 2.37 0.64 −0.32
4 Durable goods 8.3 2.4 3.5 −3.1 0.70 0.22 0.29 −0.26
5 Nondurable goods 15.2 15.7 2.3 −0.5 2.07 2.15 0.35 −0.07
6 Services 4.9 5.6 5.2 5.6 2.13 2.44 2.22 2.41
7 Gross private domestic investment 9.9 9.9 7.6 3.7 1.77 1.76 1.30 0.64
8 Fixed investment 10.0 10.3 7.7 4.5 1.68 1.72 1.28 0.74
9 Nonresidential 6.9 8.5 7.6 3.5 0.87 1.06 0.94 0.44
10 Structures 16.7 17.5 20.1 6.7 0.39 0.40 0.45 0.16
11 Equipment 7.6 9.2 5.9 6.2 0.38 0.45 0.29 0.31
12 Intellectual property products 1.9 3.9 3.7 −0.5 0.10 0.20 0.19 −0.03
13 Residential 18.9 15.2 8.1 7.7 0.82 0.66 0.34 0.30
14 Change in private inventories --- --- --- --- 0.09 0.03 0.02 −0.11
15 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment 8.7 11.6 3.6 3.0 1.45 1.90 0.62 0.51
16 Federal 5.7 6.0 4.8 2.9 0.36 0.38 0.30 0.18
17 National defense 6.6 7.5 2.7 2.9 0.23 0.26 0.10 0.10
18 Nondefense 4.5 4.1 7.6 2.8 0.13 0.12 0.20 0.08
19 State and local 10.6 15.0 2.9 3.1 1.09 1.52 0.32 0.33
  Addenda:
  Gross domestic purchases:                
20 Food 11.2 14.7 13.4 6.0 0.54 0.68 0.60 0.28
21 Energy goods and services 43.6 53.6 −13.1 −15.4 1.07 1.37 −0.43 −0.50
22 Excluding food and energy 7.0 6.9 5.0 3.8 6.51 6.41 4.59 3.45
  Personal consumption expenditures:                
23 Food and beverages purchased for off-premises consumption 11.4 15.3 13.0 5.9 --- --- --- ---
24 Energy goods and services 43.4 52.7 −13.3 −14.3 --- --- --- ---
25 Excluding food and energy 5.6 4.7 4.7 3.9 --- --- --- ---
26 Gross domestic product 8.3 9.0 4.4 3.5 --- --- --- ---
27 Exports of goods and services 17.3 20.0 −9.7 −6.0 --- --- --- ---
28 Imports of goods and services 13.5 13.2 −4.1 −5.5 --- --- --- ---
  1. The estimated prices for gross domestic purchases under the contribution columns are also percent changes.

Note. Most percent changes are from NIPA table 1.6.7; percent changes for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) for food and energy goods and services and for PCE excluding food and energy are from NIPA table 2.3.7. Contributions are from NIPA table 1.6.8. Gross domestic product, export, and import prices are from NIPA table 1.1.7.

Measured in current dollars, personal income increased $311.0 billion in the fourth quarter, compared to an increase of $283.1 billion in the third quarter (table 3). The increase in personal income primarily reflected increases in compensation (led by private wages and salaries), government social benefits (led by “other” benefits, primarily reflecting an increase in one-time state refundable tax credits), and personal interest income.

Personal current taxes increased $14.0 billion in the fourth quarter after increasing $40.8 billion in the third quarter.

Disposable personal income (DPI) increased $297.0 billion, or 6.5 percent, in the fourth quarter after increasing $242.4 billion, or 5.4 percent, in the third quarter. Personal outlays increased $251.8 billion after increasing $325.9 billion in the third quarter.

The personal saving rate (chart 4)—personal saving as a percentage of DPI—was 2.9 percent in the fourth quarter, compared with 2.7 percent in the third quarter.

Real DPI (chart 5) increased 3.3 percent in the fourth quarter after increasing 1.0 percent in the third quarter. Current-dollar DPI is deflated by the implicit price deflator for consumer spending, which increased 3.2 percent in the fourth quarter after increasing 4.3 percent.

Chart 4. Personal Saving Rate

[View larger chart]
Chart 5. Real Disposable Personal Income

[View larger chart]

 

Table 3. Personal Income and Its Disposition
[Billions of dollars; quarterly estimates are seasonally adjusted at annual rates]
Line Series Level Change from preceding period
2022 2022
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 Personal income 21,861.4 22,172.4 157.7 258.4 283.1 311.0
2 Compensation of employees 13,632.1 13,796.0 215.4 155.5 216.9 163.9
3 Wages and salaries 11,245.8 11,384.3 177.1 132.5 187.8 138.5
4 Private industries 9,622.1 9,743.8 162.1 119.9 164.4 121.7
5 Goods-producing industries 1,760.1 1,782.9 39.9 27.4 27.4 22.8
6 Manufacturing 1,041.7 1,049.2 19.9 14.7 13.8 7.4
7 Services-producing industries 7,861.9 7,960.9 122.2 92.5 137.0 99.0
8 Trade, transportation, and utilities 1,713.3 1,728.4 29.0 3.9 12.4 15.1
9 Other services-producing industries 6,148.6 6,232.4 93.2 88.6 124.7 83.9
10 Government 1,623.8 1,640.5 15.0 12.6 23.4 16.8
11 Supplements to wages and salaries 2,386.3 2,411.7 38.3 22.9 29.1 25.4
12 Proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj 1,863.5 1,871.6 21.7 23.9 28.2 8.0
13 Farm 95.9 90.8 30.5 21.3 0.3 −5.1
14 Nonfarm 1,767.6 1,780.7 −8.9 2.7 27.9 13.1
15 Rental income of persons with CCAdj 794.9 808.3 5.3 31.0 19.0 13.3
16 Personal income receipts on assets 3,358.8 3,413.5 11.4 53.2 35.8 54.7
17 Personal interest income 1,738.1 1,780.4 13.3 37.8 29.5 42.4
18 Personal dividend income 1,620.7 1,633.1 −1.9 15.4 6.3 12.4
19 Personal current transfer receipts 3,892.8 3,983.0 −57.0 14.5 9.6 90.2
20 Government social benefits to persons 3,823.0 3,913.5 −54.9 11.5 13.9 90.5
21 Social security 1,214.6 1,225.3 72.2 8.2 7.7 10.7
22 Medicare 920.3 941.6 8.0 3.8 8.5 21.4
23 Medicaid 786.1 784.6 18.1 26.4 −3.3 −1.5
24 Unemployment insurance 18.5 20.4 −10.2 −5.0 −0.1 1.9
25 Veterans' benefits 161.7 164.0 1.3 2.1 2.0 2.3
26 Other 721.7 777.5 −144.3 −23.9 −1.0 55.8
27 Other current transfer receipts, from business (net) 69.8 69.5 −2.1 3.0 −4.2 −0.3
28 Less: Contributions for government social insurance 1,680.8 1,700.0 38.9 19.7 26.4 19.2
29 Less: Personal current taxes 3,229.2 3,243.3 339.4 43.0 40.8 14.0
30 Equals: Disposable personal income (DPI) 18,632.2 18,929.2 −181.7 215.4 242.4 297.0
31 Less: Personal outlays 18,124.5 18,376.3 370.5 409.2 325.9 251.8
32 Personal consumption expenditures 17,542.7 17,771.3 356.8 386.6 281.3 228.6
33 Personal interest payments1 357.1 380.2 10.7 19.6 44.1 23.1
34 Personal current transfer payments 224.7 224.8 3.0 3.0 0.5 0.1
35 Equals: Personal saving 507.7 552.9 −552.2 −193.8 −83.5 45.2
36 Personal saving as a percentage of DPI 2.7 2.9 −3.0 −1.1 −0.5 0.2
Addenda:
  Percent change at annual rate            
37 Current-dollar DPI     −3.9 4.8 5.4 6.5
38 Real DPI, chained (2012) dollars     −10.6 −2.3 1.0 3.3
  The effects of selected federal pandemic response programs on personal income (billions of dollars)            
  In farm proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj:            
39 Coronovirus Food Assistance Program2 0.0 0.0 −0.6 −0.6 0.0 0.0
40 Paycheck Protecton Program loans to businesses3 0.0 0.0 −0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
  In nonfarm proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj:            
41 Paycheck Protecton Program loans to businesses3 0.0 0.0 −22.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
  In government social benefits to persons, Medicare:            
42 Increase in Medicare rembursement rates4 0.0 0.0 0.1 −7.9 −7.9 0.0
  In government social benefits to persons, Unemployment insurance5:            
43 Extended Unemployment Benefits 0.0 0.0 −0.4 −0.1 0.0 0.0
44 Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation 0.3 0.2 −2.0 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1
45 Pandemic Unemployment Assistance 0.2 0.1 −1.3 −0.4 −0.2 −0.1
46 Pandemic Unemployment Compensation Payments 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  In government social benefits to persons, other:            
47 Child tax credit6 94.3 94.3 −129.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
48 Economic impact payments7 0.0 0.0 −14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
49 Lost wages supplemental payments8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
50 Paycheck Protecton Program loans to NPISH3 0.0 0.0 −1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
51 Provider Relief Fund to NPISH9 8.1 4.9 −5.4 −6.9 −11.9 −3.2
  In personal outlays, personal interest payments:            
52 Student loan forbearance10 −37.8 −37.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CCAdj
Capital consumption adjustment
IVA
Inventory valuation adjustment
  1. Consists of nonmortgage interest paid by households. Note that mortgage interest paid by households is an expense item in the calculation of rental income of persons.
  2. The Coronavirus Food Assistance Program, initially established by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES), provides direct support to farmers and ranchers where prices and market supply chains have been impacted by the COVID–19 pandemic.
  3. The Paycheck Protection Program, initially established by the CARES Act, provides forgivable loans to help small businesses and nonprofit institutions make payroll and cover other expenses. It also provides funding to reimburse private lending institutions for the costs of administering these loans. For more information, see “How does the Paycheck Protection Program impact the national income and product accounts (NIPAs)?”.
  4. A 2 percent reduction in reimbursements paid to Medicare service providers that went into effect in 2013 was initially suspended by the CARES Act. The resulting increased reimbursement rates went into effect beginning on May 1, 2020.
  5. Unemployment insurance benefits were expanded through several programs that were initially established through the CARES Act. For more information, see “How will the expansion of unemployment benefits in response to the COVID–19 pandemic be recorded in the NIPAs?”.
  6. The American Rescue Plan increased the Child Tax Credit to $3,000 per child over the age of six and $3,600 for children under the age of six, and raised the age limit from 16 to 17. It also authorized that up to half of these credits could be distributed through advance payments during the tax year, while the rest would be claimed when parents file tax returns the following year.
  7. Economic impact payments, initially established by the CARES Act, provide direct payments to individuals. For more information, see “How are the economic impact payments to support individuals during the COVID–19 pandemic recorded in the NIPAs?”
  8. The Federal Emergency Mangement Agency (FEMA) was authorized to make payments from the Disaster Relief Fund to supplement wages lost as a result of the COVID–19 pandemic.
  9. The Department of Health and Human Services distributes money from the Provider Relief Fund to hospitals and health care providers on the front lines of the coronavirus response. This funding supports health care-related expenses or lost revenue attributable to COVID–19 and ensures uninsured Americans can get treatment for COVID–19. In the NIPAs, funds provided to nonprofit hospitals are recorded as social benefits.
  10. Interest payments due on certain categories of federally-held student loans were initially suspended by the CARES Act. For more information, see “How does the federal response to the COVID–19 affect BEA's estimate of personal interest payments?”.

Note. Dollar levels and percent changes are from NIPA tables 2.1 and 2.2B.

Real GDP increased 2.1 percent in 2022 (from the 2021 annual level to the 2022 annual level), compared to an increase of 5.9 percent in 2021. The increase in real GDP in 2022 primarily reflected increases in consumer spending, exports, private inventory investment, and nonresidential fixed investment that were partly offset by decreases in residential fixed investment and federal government spending. Imports increased (table 4 and chart 6).

  • The increase in consumer spending reflected an increase in services that was partly offset by a decrease in goods.
    • Within services, the increase was led by “other” services (mainly international travel), food services and accommodations (led by purchased meals and beverages), and health care (led by outpatient services).
    • The decrease in goods primarily reflected decreases in food and beverages (groceries) as well as motor vehicles and parts (mainly used light trucks) that were partly offset by increases in recreational goods and vehicles and "other" nondurable goods (mainly pharmaceuticals).
  • The increase in exports reflected increases in both goods (mainly nondurable industrial supplies and materials) and services (notably, travel).
  • The increase in private inventory investment primarily reflected increases in manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail trade (notably, motor vehicle dealers).
  • The increase in nonresidential fixed investment reflected increases in intellectual property products (led by software) and in equipment (led by information processing equipment) that were partly offset by a decrease in structures (led by commercial and health care as well as power and communication structures).
  • The decrease in residential fixed investment mainly reflected a decrease in new single-family construction as well as brokers' commissions.
  • The decrease in federal government spending reflected decreases in both defense and nondefense spending.
  • Within imports, both goods (led by nonautomotive capital goods) and services (led by travel) increased.
Chart 6. Real GDP: Contributions to Percent Change in 2022

[View larger chart]

 

Table 4. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Components, Annual
[Seasonally adjusted at annual rates]
Line Series Share of current-dollar GDP (percent) Change from preceding period (percent) Contribution to percent change in real GDP (percentage points)
2022 2021 2022 2021 2022
1 Gross domestic product1 100.0 5.9 2.1 5.9 2.1
2 Personal consumption expenditures 68.2 8.3 2.8 5.54 1.90
3 Goods 23.3 12.2 −0.4 2.72 −0.10
4 Durable goods 8.6 18.5 −0.3 1.46 −0.03
5 Nondurable goods 14.8 8.8 −0.4 1.26 −0.07
6 Services 44.9 6.3 4.5 2.83 1.99
7 Gross private domestic investment 18.2 9.0 3.8 1.55 0.68
8 Fixed investment 17.5 7.4 −0.3 1.30 −0.06
9 Nonresidential 13.1 6.4 3.6 0.83 0.48
10 Structures 2.5 −6.4 −7.4 −0.19 −0.20
11 Equipment 5.2 10.3 4.3 0.52 0.22
12 Intellectual property products 5.4 9.7 8.7 0.50 0.45
13 Residential 4.4 10.7 −10.7 0.47 −0.54
14 Change in private inventories 0.6 --- --- 0.24 0.74
15 Net exports of goods and services −3.8 --- --- −1.25 −0.40
16 Exports 11.7 6.1 7.2 0.64 0.81
17 Goods 8.1 7.4 6.3 0.52 0.49
18 Services 3.6 3.3 9.2 0.12 0.31
19 Imports 15.5 14.1 8.1 −1.89 −1.20
20 Goods 12.9 14.5 6.9 −1.61 −0.86
21 Services 2.7 12.3 14.5 −0.28 −0.34
22 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment 17.5 0.6 −0.6 0.11 −0.10
23 Federal 6.5 2.3 −2.5 0.17 −0.17
24 National defense 3.6 −1.2 −2.8 −0.05 −0.11
25 Nondefense 2.8 7.3 −2.2 0.22 −0.07
26 State and local 11.0 −0.5 0.6 −0.06 0.07
Addenda:
27 Gross domestic income (GDI)2 --- 5.5 --- --- ---
28 Average of GDP and GDI --- 5.7 --- --- ---
  1. The GDP estimates under the contribution columns are also percent changes.
  2. GDI is deflated by the implicit price deflator for GDP. Not estimated with the Q4 advance or second estimates.

Note. Percent changes are from NIPA table 1.1.1, contributions to percent change are from NIPA table 1.1.2, and shares are from NIPA table 1.1.10.

 

  1. “Real” estimates are in chained (2012) dollars, and price indexes are chain-type measures. Each GDP estimate for a quarter (advance, second, and third) incorporates increasingly comprehensive and improved source data; for more information, see “The Revisions to GDP, GDI, and Their Major Components” in the January 2018 Survey of Current Business. Quarterly estimates are expressed at seasonally adjusted annual rates, which reflect a rate of activity for a quarter as if it were maintained for a year.
  2. In this article, “consumer spending” refers to “personal consumption expenditures,” “inventory investment” refers to “change in private inventories,” and “government spending” refers to “government consumption expenditures and gross investment.”