Regional Quarterly Report: GDP, personal income, and more.

Volume 101, Number 11  |  November 19, 2021

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The statistics discussed in this Regional Quarterly Report include the following: (1) state gross domestic product (GDP) statistics for 2020, (2) state personal income statistics for 2020, and (3) personal consumption expenditures (PCE) by state statistics for 2020.

Kyle K. Hood prepared the section on state GDP. Kyle K. Hood and Jeffrey L. Newman prepared the section on state personal income. Kyle K. Hood and Mahsa Gholizadeh prepared the section on PCE by state.

Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth slowed in all states and the District of Columbia in 2020. The largest declines in GDP were in Hawaii (−10.8 percent), Nevada (−7.4 percent), Connecticut (−6.2 percent), Wyoming (−6.1 percent), and Alaska (−6.0 percent). Real GDP decreased in 48 states and the District of Columbia, with only Utah (0.1 percent) and South Dakota (0.1 percent) experiencing positive growth rates (table A).

Chart 1 displays growth in real GDP for the years 2014 to 2020 in four states (Hawaii, Nevada, Wyoming, and Utah) each alongside real GDP growth in the entire United States. Hawaii, which experienced the largest drop in real GDP in 2020, also experienced a decline in 2019, and lagged behind the rest of the country in 2018. In contrast, real GDP growth in Nevada, which was significantly negative in 2020, exceeded that of the United States from 2015 to 2019, with the 2020 decline thus representing a substantial decrease. Real GDP growth in Wyoming has been more volatile, with declines in 2016 and 2017, increases in 2018 and 2019, and an even larger decline in 2020. Finally, Utah, which showed a small uptick in 2020, has grown at a consistently faster rate than the entire United States from 2014 to 2020.

Chart 1. GDP Growth Rates, Selected States. Bar chart.

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The sources of these declines suggest a substantial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on different state GDP growth rates. Large declines in expenditures on restaurants, accommodation, and gasoline at the onset of the pandemic1 corroborate declines in specific service industries between 2019 and 2020.

Many of largest declines in GDP at the state level were driven by one or a few industries that are directly linked to pandemic-driven drops in spending at the national level. For example, nearly half of Hawaii's 10.8 percent drop in real GDP was accounted for by accommodation and food services, which contributed a drop of 4.5 percent. Chart 2 shows the top industries contributing to the 2020 decline in Hawaii GDP. This chart suggests that only a few industries drove most of the decline, while the remainder contributed very little to it. Nevada shows a similar pattern, where a drop in accommodation and food services accounted for 4.4 percent of the 7.4 percent decline in real GDP. See chart 3.

Chart 2. Contributions to Hawaii GDP Growth, by Selected Industries. Pie Chart.

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Chart 3. Contributions to Nevada GDP Growth, by Selected Industries. Pie Chart.

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The contrasting story of Wyoming's drop in GDP is shown in chart 4. In Wyoming, the largest contributors to the decrease in output were transportation and warehousing (including pipeline transportation) and mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. These industries also substantially contributed to the large declines in real GDP in Alaska, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. These declines correlate with a large and sustained reduction in demand for gasoline at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast to Hawaii and Nevada, accommodation and food services accounts for only 0.63 percent of the drop in Wyoming's GDP, as it makes up a substantially smaller part of Wyoming's economy.

Chart 4. Contributions to Wyoming GDP Growth, by Selected Industries. Pie Chart.

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Value added by industry

While the largest declines at the state level correlate with the direct impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer spending, decelerations or declines at the national level were broadly shared across many industries.

Table B shows real GDP by industry at the national level. In 2020, GDP fell in 43 of the 65 industries and decelerated in 50 of 65 industries. Eight industries experienced declines of above 20 percent: air transportation (−51.4 percent); support activities for mining (−45.2 percent); performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities (−39.6 percent); accommodation (−32.8 percent); amusement, gambling, and recreation industries (−28.9 percent); transit and ground passenger transportation (−27.8 percent); food services and drinking places (−26.0 percent); and other transportation equipment manufacturing (−22.9 percent). In contrast, there were increases in GDP of at least 10 percent in only three industries, with none exceeding 20 percent.

Pandemic-related production declines have been linked to global supply chain disruptions, affecting industries that use imported products (inputs and final goods), and industries that export their output.2 These disruptions could have affected many industries including wholesale and retail trade and manufacturing. However, while there were declines in the output of the wholesale and retail trade industries, declines in GDP were not shared by all manufacturing industries. In 6 of the 19 manufacturing industries in table B, GDP growth accelerated, while in 12 manufacturing industries, GDP fell.

2020 annual update

Each fall, BEA typically revises the preliminary estimates of annual GDP by state released in the spring in order to incorporate the results of the annual updates of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs),3 the GDP by industry statistics, the state personal income statistics, and to incorporate state source data that are more complete and more detailed than those previously available. This year, the annual estimates from 1997 to 2020 were revised. The newly available and revised source data, which became available after last year's annual update, include the following:

  • U.S. Census Bureau, Economic Census for 2017 (construction, manufacturing, and mining industries only; service-related industries were incorporated in 2020)
  • U.S. Census Bureau Census American Community Survey, 1-year PUMS file (2001–2019)
  • U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances for fiscal years 2016–2018 (revised) and 2019 (new)
  • Energy Information Administration, gas and electricity consumption for 2019 (revised) and 2020 (new)
  • Energy Information Administration, oil, gas production and prices, and coal reports for 2019 (revised) and 2020 (new)
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, branch office deposits for 2020 (new)
  • Federal Home Loan Bank Board, income and expenses for 2020 (new)
  • Federal Reserve Banks, income and expenses for 2020 (new)
  • National Association of Insurance Commissioners, premiums and losses for 2020 (new)
  • National Science Foundation, Business Research and Development Survey for 2019 (new)
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, farm income and expenses for 2016–2019 (revised) and 2020 (new)
  • U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, transportation finance, passengers, and freight for 2020 (new)
  • U.S. Geological Survey, mineral resources for 2020 (new)
  • BEA, compensation of employees, proprietors' income, and rental income from state personal income for 2016–2019 (revised) and 2020 (new)
Table A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020
[Percent change]
Region Current dollars Quantity index for real GDP
2019 2020 2019 2020
United States 4.1 −2.2 2.3 −3.4
Alabama 3.2 −1.8 1.3 −3.2
Alaska −0.3 −8.7 0.2 −6.0
Arizona 5.7 1.0 3.3 −1.0
Arkansas 2.8 −0.1 0.7 −1.6
California 5.4 −1.5 3.6 −2.8
Colorado 5.6 −2.5 4.2 −3.0
Connecticut 2.6 −4.1 0.6 −6.2
Delaware 6.3 −1.6 4.1 −3.4
District of Columbia 3.3 0.1 0.9 −2.1
Florida 5.5 −0.9 3.0 −2.8
Georgia 5.9 −2.4 3.5 −3.9
Hawaii 1.7 −9.7 −0.9 −10.8
Idaho 6.4 1.7 4.0 −0.3
Illinois 2.6 −3.6 0.5 −5.1
Indiana 2.0 −1.5 0.4 −2.5
Iowa 2.1 0.0 0.0 −2.0
Kansas 2.6 −0.9 0.8 −2.1
Kentucky 3.8 −1.6 1.7 −3.0
Louisiana −0.5 −7.5 −0.1 −5.8
Maine 4.5 1.2 2.2 −1.1
Maryland 2.6 −2.6 0.3 −4.5
Massachusetts 5.2 −1.8 2.9 −3.7
Michigan 2.0 −3.1 −0.1 −4.6
Minnesota 2.6 −2.4 0.5 −4.0
Mississippi 2.1 −0.8 0.4 −1.8
Missouri 4.0 −0.9 1.7 −2.8
Montana 1.7 −0.5 0.4 −1.3
Nebraska 3.5 1.6 1.2 −0.5
Nevada 6.7 −5.9 4.1 −7.4
New Hampshire 4.4 0.1 2.1 −2.1
New Jersey 4.2 −3.3 2.1 −4.6
New Mexico 4.8 −3.4 4.3 −2.3
New York 4.9 −3.0 2.5 −5.0
North Carolina 4.5 −1.0 2.1 −2.9
North Dakota −0.1 −7.0 0.6 −3.0
Ohio 3.9 −2.3 2.0 −3.5
Oklahoma 0.6 −7.7 1.7 −4.9
Oregon 4.0 −1.2 2.0 −3.0
Pennsylvania 3.5 −3.5 1.7 −4.5
Rhode Island 3.7 −1.2 1.4 −3.4
South Carolina 4.7 0.1 2.3 −1.9
South Dakota 2.9 1.6 0.4 0.1
Tennessee 4.3 −1.9 2.0 −3.9
Texas 3.0 −4.7 3.2 −2.9
Utah 6.8 1.3 4.8 0.1
Vermont 3.3 −2.0 1.0 −4.2
Virginia 4.2 −0.9 2.0 −2.8
Washington 5.9 1.1 3.9 −0.6
West Virginia 0.1 −4.2 −0.8 −3.9
Wisconsin 3.8 −2.0 1.5 −4.0
Wyoming 1.5 −8.3 1.7 −6.1
Table B. U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product by Industry, 2019–2020
Industry Percent change Contribution to percent change Change (millions of 2012 chained dollars)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
All industry total 2.3 −3.4 2.30 −3.40 425,885 −647,985
Farms −8.6 18.7 −0.06 0.10 −17,436 34,832
Forestry, fishing, and related activities 2.5 0.2 0.00 0.00 855 59
Oil and gas extraction 20.4 2.7 0.17 0.01 67,629 10,713
Mining (except oil and gas) 1.9 −7.1 0.01 −0.02 1,186 −4,578
Support activities for mining −4.5 −45.2 −0.01 −0.11 −2,771 −26,337
Utilities 1.2 4.2 0.02 0.06 3,446 12,006
Construction 1.4 −3.6 0.06 −0.15 9,057 −24,307
Wood product manufacturing 7.0 −3.6 0.01 −0.01 1,941 −1,070
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 1.2 −0.6 0.00 0.00 600 −317
Primary metal manufacturing 9.5 14.2 0.03 0.04 6,903 11,353
Fabricated metal product manufacturing −0.5 −12.9 0.00 −0.10 −755 −18,267
Machinery manufacturing −1.4 −8.8 −0.01 −0.07 −1,978 −12,310
Computer and electronic product manufacturing 1.3 3.0 0.02 0.04 4,447 10,273
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing −4.0 −2.3 −0.01 −0.01 −2,475 −1,333
Motor vehicles, bodies and trailers, and parts manufacturing 1.1 −2.2 0.01 −0.02 1,486 −3,149
Other transportation equipment manufacturing 2.4 −22.9 0.02 −0.18 3,547 −34,040
Furniture and related product manufacturing −2.0 −6.1 0.00 −0.01 −575 −1,740
Miscellaneous manufacturing −2.3 0.7 −0.01 0.00 −2,058 593
Food and beverage and tobacco product manufacturing 2.3 −2.5 0.03 −0.03 5,662 −6,366
Textile mills and textile product mills −0.5 −9.0 0.00 −0.01 −85 −1,454
Apparel, leather, and allied product manufacturing −2.7 5.2 0.00 0.00 −225 424
Paper manufacturing 1.1 6.0 0.00 0.02 580 3,113
Printing and related support activities −3.3 −6.0 −0.01 −0.01 −1,279 −2,260
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 8.8 0.7 0.07 0.00 19,822 1,802
Chemical manufacturing 3.2 1.5 0.06 0.03 9,964 4,965
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing −1.1 −3.9 0.00 −0.02 −887 −3,030
Wholesale trade −0.5 −1.9 −0.03 −0.11 −5,191 −20,776
Retail trade 2.5 −2.9 0.14 −0.16 27,355 −32,405
Air transportation 1.6 −51.4 0.01 −0.32 1,945 −62,971
Rail transportation −9.0 −15.3 −0.02 −0.03 −3,548 −5,474
Water transportation −2.0 5.2 0.00 0.00 −186 477
Truck transportation −0.5 −3.4 0.00 −0.03 −646 −4,646
Transit and ground passenger transportation 14.0 −27.8 0.03 −0.07 6,089 −13,838
Pipeline transportation −10.8 −9.0 −0.02 −0.02 −3,989 −2,996
Other transportation and support activities 4.0 3.6 0.02 0.02 4,135 3,867
Warehousing and storage 11.2 6.2 0.04 0.02 7,731 4,781
Publishing industries (except internet) 7.4 9.6 0.10 0.13 21,413 29,795
Motion picture and sound recording industries 1.9 −17.1 0.01 −0.07 1,655 −15,304
Broadcasting (except internet) and telecommunications 2.3 −0.6 0.05 −0.01 12,020 −3,500
Data processing, hosting, and other information services 17.1 10.2 0.20 0.14 45,428 31,574
Monetary authorities—central bank, credit intermediation, and related services 0.4 7.3 0.01 0.25 1,824 31,733
Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities 3.0 −1.7 0.05 −0.03 6,442 −3,767
Insurance carriers and related activities 3.6 0.7 0.10 0.02 19,552 3,975
Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles −20.1 −2.6 −0.03 0.00 −5,186 −529
Real estate 1.4 −0.4 0.16 −0.05 28,601 −9,035
Rental and leasing services and lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets 9.5 −10.0 0.11 −0.12 23,623 −27,118
Legal services 0.9 −6.1 0.01 −0.08 1,866 −13,299
Computer systems design and related services 5.3 0.2 0.09 0.00 20,561 642
Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services 5.0 −1.5 0.23 −0.07 43,590 −13,320
Management of companies and enterprises 7.1 1.5 0.13 0.03 28,854 6,317
Administrative and support services 3.9 −5.8 0.11 −0.17 20,210 −30,923
Waste management and remediation services −0.3 −5.2 0.00 −0.01 −130 −2,427
Educational services 2.8 −11.3 0.04 −0.15 6,165 −25,830
Ambulatory health care services 4.5 −6.9 0.16 −0.25 32,369 −52,244
Hospitals 1.0 −2.5 0.02 −0.06 4,244 −10,751
Nursing and residential care facilities −0.7 −6.4 0.00 −0.05 −867 −8,334
Social assistance 4.8 −7.9 0.03 −0.05 5,313 −9,220
Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities 2.9 −39.6 0.02 −0.27 3,437 −48,718
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 1.7 −28.9 0.01 −0.13 1,381 −23,498
Accommodation 2.1 −32.8 0.02 −0.27 3,066 −48,465
Food services and drinking places 1.8 −26.0 0.04 −0.61 6,696 −99,538
Other services (except government and government enterprises) 0.0 −12.4 0.00 −0.27 24 −45,866
Federal civilian 0.5 3.3 0.01 0.08 2,312 14,186
Military 0.9 2.1 0.01 0.03 2,540 6,062
State and local 0.6 −2.6 0.05 −0.22 8,442 −39,277

Personal income grew in every state and the District of Colombia in 2020, and accelerated in all states except Alaska, Oklahoma, and Wyoming (tables C and E). Personal income growth across states ranged from 10.3 percent in Arizona to 1.7 percent in Wyoming. Substantial growth in personal current transfer receipts was the leading contributor to personal income growth across all states and the District of Columbia.

Personal current transfer receipts were the category affected the most by policy responses to the pandemic. These policies included various increases and extensions of unemployment benefits, an increase in Medicare reimbursement rates, economic income payments, and other programs.4 Personal current transfer receipts increased in all states and the District of Columbia in 2020, with states experiencing a range of growth from 18.2 percent in Alaska to 52.6 percent in Hawaii. For the United States, personal current transfer receipts increased 35.1 percent in 2020 ($1.1 trillion), up from 5.5 percent in 2019. Of the $1.1 trillion increase in personal current transfer receipts, $394.7 billion is attributable to various unemployment insurance programs created in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and $274.7 billion to economic impact payments. In all, the various components of transfer payments associated with the policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic constitute $819.0 billion of the $1.1 trillion increase in transfer payments.

Property income (dividends, interest, and rent) decreased 1.1 percent in 2020, down from a 3.1 percent increase in 2019. Dividend, interest, and rent also declined in 47 states and the District of Columbia.

Compensation of employees, the largest component of personal income, grew 1.0 percent in the United States in 2020, down from 4.5 percent in 2019. The percent change in compensation across states ranged from 6.5 percent in Idaho to −5.7 percent in Hawaii. In terms of growth rates, compensation of employees decelerated in all states except Idaho and in the District of Columbia in 2020, and showed a decline in 15 states.

Many of the state-level changes in compensation correspond with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses, and on the policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020 (immediately following the March 2020 pandemic declaration), the unemployment rate peaked at 14.8 percent, up from 3.5 percent in February, indicating substantial job losses.5 These job losses were concentrated in certain industries, leading to different impacts on compensation of employees across industries. Because state industry compositions vary, this effected variation in state-level employee compensation growth rates.

Table D shows the annual percentage change in compensation by industry in the entire United States for the years 2017 to 2020. These data reveal historically large drops in compensation in 2020 for mining industries (oil and gas extraction, mining (except oil and gas), and support activities for mining); many durable goods manufacturing industries (fabricated metal product manufacturing; machinery manufacturing; motor vehicles, bodies and trailers, and parts manufacturing; other transportation equipment manufacturing; and furniture and related product manufacturing); certain transportation industries (air transportation and pipeline transportation showing the largest declines); motion picture and sound recording industries; arts, entertainment, and recreation industries (performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries; museums, historical sites, and similar institutions; and amusement, gambling, and recreation industries); and accommodation and foods services industries. In Wyoming, which experienced the smallest percent increase in personal income in 2020, compensation is heavily concentrated in mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (12.1 percent of total compensation in 2019), pipeline transportation (5.5 percent of total compensation in 2019), and the accommodation industry (2.5 percent of total compensation in 2019). In contrast, Arizona experienced the largest percent increase in personal income in 2020, and its compensation is not concentrated in mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (0.7 percent of total compensation in 2019), pipeline transportation (0.0 percent of total compensation in 2019), or accommodation (0.9 percent of total compensation in 2019). Large declines in compensation in these major industries in Wyoming thus contributed to a drop in compensation of 3.2 percent in 2020, while compensation in Arizona increased 4.7 percent over the same period.

Earnings are comprised of compensation (wages and salaries and supplements to wages and salaries) and proprietors' income. Proprietors' income, which represents the income earned from current production by unincorporated businesses that is received by persons, grew 3.7 percent for the United States in 2020, up from 1.4 percent growth in 2019. U.S. farm proprietors' income rose 97.6 percent ($39.2 billion) in 2020 after increasing 8.7 percent ($3.2 billion) in 2019. $20.4 billion of the $39.2 billion increase in U.S. farm proprietors' income is attributable to the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program6 and $4.4 billion is attributable to Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans to businesses.7 U.S. nonfarm proprietors' income grew 1.2 percent in 2020 ($19.4 billion), the same rate as in 2019. However, $140.9 billion of the change in U.S. nonfarm proprietors' income in 2020 was associated with PPP loans to businesses. Without PPP loans, proprietors' income decreased by $121.5 billion.

Industry-level compensation changes discussed above explain some variation in earnings. However, the proprietors' income component also explains some variation. As noted above, proprietors' income was impacted by two coronavirus assistance programs: The Coronavirus Food Assistance Program and PPP loans to businesses. Charts 5–7 show a breakdown of earnings in 2019 and 2020 for the entire United States, and for the states of Arizona and Wyoming. Panel A shows the two components of earnings: Compensation (wages, salaries, and supplements to wages and salaries) and proprietors' income. Panel B shows a further decomposition of proprietors' income into the contributions from the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program, from PPP loans to businesses, and from all other sources.

For the entire United States (chart 5), there was a small increase in compensation and in proprietors' income between 2019 and 2020. The small increase in proprietors' income can be explained by income from PPP loans of $145.3 billion and by $20.4 billion from the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program; netting out these sources, proprietors' income decreased by $107.1 billion. The effects of these two programs compare with an increase in personal current transfer receipts of $1.1 trillion.

Chart 5. Effects of Selected Federal Pandemic Response Programs on Personal Income by State, 2020: United States. 2-panel Bar Chart.

[Click chart to expand]

Arizona, which saw the largest increase in personal income among all states, is shown in chart 6. In Arizona, compensation increased by $9.6 billion, while proprietors' income increased $2.1 billion. Panel B shows that PPP loans contributed an increase of $3.0 billion to proprietors' income, while the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program added $0.1 billion; netting out these sources, Arizona's proprietors' income decreased $1.1 billion. These compare to an increase in personal current transfer receipts of $24.2 billion.

Chart 6. Effects of Selected Federal Pandemic Response Programs on Personal Income by State, 2020: Arizona. 2-panel Bar Chart.

[Click chart to expand]

Chart 7 shows the same breakdown of earnings for Wyoming. The most noticeable contrast to Arizona is the decrease in compensation of $0.6 billion. Proprietors' income increased by $0.1 billion. Panel B shows that PPP loans contributed an increase of $0.2 billion to proprietors' income, while the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program added $0.1 billion; netting out these sources, Wyoming's proprietors' income decreased $0.2 billion. These compare to an increase in personal current transfer receipts of $1.4 billion.

Chart 7. Effects of Selected Federal Pandemic Response Programs on Personal Income by State, 2020: Wyoming. 2-panel Bar Chart.

[Click chart to expand]

Arizona and Wyoming are examples of a larger trend across states and the District of Columbia. Compensation increased in some states and decreased in others based on industry composition, but generally slowed from 2019. Netting out COVID-19 programs, proprietors' income also decreased from 2019, but this slowdown was more than made up for by the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program and the Paycheck Protection Program, each of which had a positive but relatively small effect on income in most states and the District of Columbia. In contrast, the increase in current transfer receipts was large relative to income: The increase in current transfer receipts between 2019 and 2020 in Wyoming was equal to about 4 percent of 2019 personal income, while in Arizona, it equaled more than 7 percent of 2019 personal income. In addition, because many of the various programs enacted in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic did not link payments to changes in compensation or other sources of income, they did not serve to offset losses in income from these other sources. Thus, a significant proportion of the variation in changes in personal income across states and the District of Columbia in 2020 is attributable to a combination of industry-specific decreases in earnings and variation in changes in personal current transfer receipts.

Table C. Percent Change in Personal Income and Select Components by State and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020
Region 2019 2020
Personal income Compensation of employees Proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj Dividends, interest, and rent Personal current transfer receipts Contributions for government social insurance Personal income Compensation of employees Proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj Dividends, interest, and rent Personal current transfer receipts Contributions for government social insurance
United States 4.1 4.5 1.4 3.1 5.5 4.5 6.6 1.0 3.7 −1.0 35.1 2.7
Alabama 4.3 4.4 −1.2 4.2 5.2 2.6 5.9 2.2 1.5 −1.4 23.1 5.5
Alaska 2.7 2.9 −4.5 2.7 5.4 3.2 2.5 −1.1 4.8 −1.9 18.2 −0.2
Arizona 5.8 5.8 8.0 4.0 7.1 6.7 10.3 4.7 8.9 1.0 36.2 6.8
Arkansas 3.4 3.6 −2.4 2.5 5.4 3.8 5.8 2.5 2.4 −1.6 22.4 7.3
California 4.6 5.4 1.0 3.0 6.5 5.8 8.6 2.8 2.1 −0.5 47.3 2.8
Colorado 5.6 6.8 2.7 4.0 5.3 6.4 5.7 2.1 2.9 −1.0 35.0 2.9
Connecticut 2.3 2.4 −4.0 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.5 −0.1 −0.7 −2.2 32.2 0.8
Delaware 2.4 3.9 −17.1 1.3 6.0 3.0 5.4 0.4 −2.5 −1.1 24.4 3.5
District of Columbia 1.2 2.9 −14.6 −0.8 6.0 2.3 7.8 1.6 7.9 −2.1 47.7 1.0
Florida 4.8 5.4 1.5 4.1 6.0 6.2 6.2 1.6 11.1 −0.2 26.3 4.7
Georgia 5.1 4.7 9.7 4.0 5.2 5.1 7.0 1.6 3.5 −1.3 37.4 3.7
Hawaii 3.1 2.6 6.3 2.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 −5.7 1.3 −1.1 52.6 −4.3
Idaho 6.7 5.5 16.5 4.1 7.5 5.4 8.9 6.5 8.6 −0.1 27.5 10.0
Illinois 2.8 2.7 3.6 2.4 4.0 3.5 5.8 −0.5 7.9 −1.7 40.2 1.0
Indiana 4.1 3.0 8.4 3.0 5.9 4.7 6.4 0.9 7.1 −1.2 28.9 4.8
Iowa 2.3 2.5 −7.3 3.1 5.9 3.6 6.0 1.6 5.2 −1.7 28.1 4.6
Kansas 4.0 3.6 5.6 2.9 6.0 4.2 5.5 1.5 6.6 −1.7 29.0 3.8
Kentucky 4.2 3.7 9.5 3.0 4.2 2.0 8.0 0.9 5.4 −0.6 32.5 5.7
Louisiana 3.2 2.1 4.5 3.4 4.9 2.0 6.4 −2.3 12.4 −1.8 32.2 2.3
Maine 4.2 4.7 3.7 1.7 5.1 4.3 7.9 2.9 3.4 −1.0 29.3 5.0
Maryland 2.5 3.4 −11.1 2.2 4.8 3.2 6.1 1.5 4.6 −1.0 35.3 1.4
Massachusetts 4.2 5.0 7.3 2.7 2.8 5.7 6.8 0.7 −1.0 −0.9 46.1 0.7
Michigan 3.3 2.5 3.5 3.0 5.6 2.9 7.9 −2.0 7.8 −0.7 41.3 −0.3
Minnesota 3.1 3.4 −2.5 3.1 4.7 3.8 6.5 0.0 20.7 −1.8 34.2 1.9
Mississippi 3.1 2.9 2.9 1.8 4.6 2.8 7.4 1.8 2.5 −1.6 26.4 5.6
Missouri 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.2 4.3 3.8 5.8 1.0 9.5 −1.2 25.3 4.8
Montana 5.1 3.9 11.0 4.1 6.2 2.6 7.5 3.8 9.6 −1.1 29.2 7.2
Nebraska 3.2 3.6 −2.5 3.3 5.5 3.7 6.8 2.3 18.4 −1.3 26.9 5.8
Nevada 6.1 5.6 17.2 4.1 6.9 7.8 6.1 −2.9 −1.3 −1.2 48.0 0.9
New Hampshire 4.4 4.1 9.9 1.4 4.0 4.9 5.6 2.9 −2.2 −0.3 32.6 3.4
New Jersey 3.7 3.8 2.1 1.8 4.4 3.7 5.4 0.2 3.0 −0.7 38.5 1.0
New Mexico 4.6 4.9 9.9 2.1 4.4 4.9 7.8 −0.1 7.1 −2.0 32.9 2.7
New York 3.4 4.3 −3.9 2.6 7.2 4.0 5.8 −1.2 −1.5 −1.4 40.3 −0.7
North Carolina 5.3 5.1 8.8 4.1 5.5 5.4 6.5 2.6 2.1 −0.3 27.1 4.8
North Dakota 3.7 4.1 3.0 1.9 5.6 2.8 6.0 −3.5 37.3 −4.6 34.9 0.9
Ohio 3.1 3.5 −2.9 2.9 4.6 3.9 6.8 0.4 9.0 −1.5 33.0 2.6
Oklahoma 4.8 3.7 9.1 3.2 6.6 3.8 3.8 −0.8 −1.4 −2.4 26.2 2.2
Oregon 4.6 4.9 1.8 3.9 5.7 4.9 8.0 2.2 7.1 −0.1 33.4 3.4
Pennsylvania 2.9 4.1 −4.4 2.7 3.8 3.2 7.0 −0.6 1.0 −0.6 37.2 0.3
Rhode Island 4.4 3.1 6.8 1.9 5.0 3.3 7.3 0.5 3.7 −0.7 35.1 0.9
South Carolina 5.3 5.0 6.0 5.2 6.3 5.0 6.9 0.8 6.6 1.3 25.6 2.4
South Dakota 5.5 4.5 11.4 3.9 5.9 5.1 9.0 4.3 25.9 −2.2 26.7 10.0
Tennessee 4.6 4.1 7.4 2.5 5.9 4.3 5.0 2.2 −5.8 −0.8 25.3 5.5
Texas 4.1 5.6 −2.5 3.2 5.4 4.5 4.8 0.4 −0.2 −2.0 35.2 2.5
Utah 7.5 6.7 13.7 7.2 8.2 7.1 7.8 5.9 6.6 0.9 30.6 7.6
Vermont 3.4 2.9 8.6 0.7 4.5 1.6 6.7 −0.2 1.3 −0.9 34.2 2.1
Virginia 3.6 4.1 7.0 1.6 5.9 4.2 5.9 2.6 3.7 −1.8 33.3 3.7
Washington 5.6 6.5 1.7 3.6 6.1 4.1 7.6 3.6 8.2 −0.3 34.9 4.1
West Virginia 2.0 0.3 2.1 1.9 3.1 −0.3 5.2 −2.9 6.1 −3.1 23.4 2.8
Wisconsin 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 4.8 4.0 5.2 0.4 11.2 −0.8 26.5 3.0
Wyoming 2.1 3.9 −0.1 −1.1 5.1 4.2 1.7 −3.2 3.2 −3.4 28.5 −0.5
CCAdj
Capital consumption adjustment
IVA
Inventory valuation adjustment
Table D. Compensation of Employees by Industry, United States, 2017–2020
[Percent growth rates]
Description 2017 2018 2019 2020
Farm compensation 6.3 −7.9 0.7 1.5
Forestry and logging −4.3 4.2 −0.8 9.3
Fishing, hunting, and trapping 5.7 7.8 −1.6 1.9
Support activities for agriculture and forestry 4.1 5.6 4.0 10.4
Oil and gas extraction −13.1 1.9 3.2 −8.0
Mining (except oil and gas) 7.6 7.9 0.0 −7.5
Support activities for mining 22.8 19.8 1.3 −31.4
Utilities 0.2 3.6 4.1 6.6
Construction of buildings 7.3 7.3 6.6 −0.2
Heavy and civil engineering construction 8.1 8.1 7.0 −0.3
Specialty trade contractors 6.7 7.0 7.2 −0.3
Wood product manufacturing 5.7 5.7 4.8 3.9
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 5.2 4.3 3.5 −0.3
Primary metal manufacturing 4.5 7.0 1.0 −7.7
Fabricated metal product manufacturing 3.9 6.0 1.5 −4.4
Machinery manufacturing 4.4 6.0 1.4 −4.9
Computer and electronic product manufacturing 5.6 4.9 1.9 5.8
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing 4.3 3.2 2.0 0.3
Motor vehicles, bodies and trailers, and parts manufacturing 4.1 5.9 0.8 −7.8
Other transportation equipment manufacturing 2.0 6.2 4.8 −2.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing 4.7 2.8 −0.9 −2.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing 4.0 4.8 2.7 −2.0
Food manufacturing 5.4 3.5 2.0 5.6
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing 5.6 3.6 4.1 2.0
Textile mills 1.9 1.7 −2.1 −8.0
Textile product mills 2.5 2.4 −0.4 −5.5
Apparel manufacturing −2.4 −1.7 −1.6 −13.0
Leather and allied product manufacturing −1.3 −0.5 0.5 −3.1
Paper manufacturing 1.4 1.4 3.5 0.0
Printing and related support activities 0.3 1.2 0.5 −7.8
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 0.0 2.4 5.4 −0.6
Chemical manufacturing 2.7 2.8 5.7 4.5
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 5.0 4.6 2.7 0.5
Wholesale trade 4.3 2.4 2.4 0.8
Motor vehicle and parts dealers 2.9 3.3 5.3 0.1
Furniture and home furnishings stores 3.8 4.1 3.4 −3.9
Electronics and appliance stores 0.0 1.6 1.2 −1.3
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers 2.9 4.0 4.0 11.4
Food and beverage stores 3.2 2.5 4.6 9.5
Health and personal care stores 2.7 2.2 2.1 0.6
Gasoline stations 4.3 4.7 6.7 4.6
Clothing and clothing accessories stores 3.8 2.5 2.2 −16.4
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, and book stores 0.0 −0.1 −0.3 −1.4
General merchandise stores 1.5 2.9 1.1 4.5
Miscellaneous store retailers 2.6 4.1 5.1 −3.6
Nonstore retailers 12.9 10.9 7.2 11.7
Air transportation 7.2 4.7 4.3 −6.9
Rail transportation −0.1 5.9 −0.8 −3.8
Water transportation 1.3 2.9 5.3 −6.8
Truck transportation 3.9 7.4 7.1 −1.1
Transit and ground passenger transportation 8.2 10.1 21.8 −29.1
Pipeline transportation 5.4 2.0 10.0 −0.5
Scenic and sightseeing transportation 4.1 5.6 7.1 −38.5
Support activities for transportation 5.7 8.0 11.1 −3.0
Couriers and messengers 7.4 8.1 8.8 17.9
Warehousing and storage 10.6 12.4 6.9 18.5
Publishing industries (except internet) 6.9 10.0 9.2 9.6
Motion picture and sound recording industries −0.6 4.4 5.9 −14.2
Broadcasting (except internet) 2.2 5.2 2.0 −3.3
Telecommunications −1.3 −0.8 0.0 2.2
Data processing, hosting, and related services 9.5 16.7 8.1 9.4
Other information services 21.0 14.4 9.6 19.8
Monetary authorities-Central bank 5.7 8.2 2.4 5.1
Credit intermediation and related activities 6.1 3.9 5.8 10.4
Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities 9.9 2.4 1.5 5.1
Insurance carriers and related activities 6.0 5.4 4.5 6.0
Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles 27.8 23.8 12.6 19.2
Real estate 6.1 7.0 7.1 3.4
Rental and leasing services 4.1 8.1 5.1 −10.9
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) 10.0 −4.7 3.4 −1.3
Professional, scientific, and technical services 5.5 7.0 6.6 4.1
Management of companies and enterprises 6.5 5.5 4.9 0.1
Administrative and support services 7.0 5.4 5.4 −0.1
Waste management and remediation services 10.8 8.1 4.1 2.4
Educational services 1.0 5.1 5.4 0.6
Ambulatory health care services 4.9 5.7 5.5 1.9
Hospitals 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.3
Nursing and residential care facilities 2.2 4.4 3.4 5.9
Social assistance 6.1 6.8 8.3 6.2
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries 5.9 6.9 4.7 −18.4
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions 5.0 5.9 4.3 −8.7
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 3.6 5.6 3.8 −20.4
Accommodation 4.1 5.0 6.1 −27.8
Food services and drinking places 5.6 5.7 5.0 −21.0
Repair and maintenance 3.7 4.4 5.0 −1.3
Personal and laundry services 6.8 5.6 2.9 −22.4
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations 3.6 5.0 4.0 6.8
Private households −6.8 17.6 4.8 −1.9
Federal civilian 3.3 4.0 2.5 4.9
Military 1.0 −1.7 3.5 4.6
State government 3.2 3.2 3.3 2.2
Local government 2.5 4.5 2.7 1.5
Table E. Change in State Personal Income, by Component and by State and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020
[Change from previous year (millions of dollars)]
State 2019 2020
Personal income Compensation of employees Proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj Dividends, interest, and rent Personal current transfer receipts Contributions for government social insurance Adjustment for residence Personal income Compensation of employees Proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj Dividends, interest, and rent Personal current transfer receipts Contributions for government social insurance Adjustment for residence
Farm Nonfarm Farm Nonfarm
United States 720,845 487,255 3,220 18,977 109,338 162,766 60,813 102 1,205,443 119,232 39,167 19,391 −36,531 1,102,037 37,997 144
Alabama 8,877 5,333 −140 −24 1,599 2,453 426 82 12,818 2,730 −126 340 −531 11,477 923 −149
Alaska 1,191 814 2 −151 227 406 101 −6 1,136 −314 44 109 −164 1,449 −6 5
Arizona 18,292 11,216 343 1,392 2,441 4,418 1,663 145 34,435 9,646 403 1,686 630 24,193 1,796 −329
Arkansas 4,437 2,541 −550 372 817 1,627 362 −7 7,845 1,850 −88 263 −538 7,075 726 9
California 112,413 83,308 −1,932 4,356 14,667 22,798 10,612 −172 219,077 44,970 5,961 −886 −2,748 177,290 5,366 −144
Colorado 18,435 13,896 344 577 2,921 2,288 1,632 41 20,002 4,607 678 333 −782 15,972 797 −8
Connecticut 6,020 3,469 68 −1,224 1,074 868 486 2,251 9,330 −168 25 −218 −1,255 11,675 144 −585
Delaware 1,227 1,309 26 −769 131 628 125 27 2,820 151 −122 33 −115 2,721 152 304
District of Columbia 667 2,761 0 −966 −79 409 246 −1,212 4,466 1,614 0 448 −214 3,432 106 −708
Florida 52,611 30,965 90 877 12,858 12,299 4,543 64 70,197 9,946 736 6,529 −601 57,265 3,665 −15
Georgia 25,103 14,799 252 3,859 3,689 4,289 1,922 137 36,288 5,230 −293 1,917 −1,271 32,258 1,478 −74
Hawaii 2,332 1,266 −2 403 434 525 294 0 4,011 −2,867 53 37 −166 6,673 −281 0
Idaho 5,153 2,326 669 664 693 1,060 327 68 7,244 2,892 1,046 −232 −17 4,155 635 36
Illinois 20,445 12,565 −841 2,794 3,562 4,316 1,926 −24 43,324 −2,209 3,348 1,177 −2,630 45,180 589 −953
Indiana 12,900 5,901 −230 2,722 1,552 3,539 1,161 577 21,078 1,742 1,842 427 −635 18,375 1,248 575
Iowa 3,592 2,395 −1,021 41 935 1,635 463 72 9,517 1,552 612 39 −523 8,202 604 239
Kansas 6,005 3,177 −53 989 867 1,422 496 99 8,501 1,361 1,153 13 −537 7,269 470 −290
Kentucky 7,889 4,268 391 754 951 1,879 301 −53 15,697 1,090 534 173 −197 15,307 885 −325
Louisiana 6,948 2,630 139 712 1,314 2,254 292 191 14,268 −2,921 264 2,216 −729 15,629 345 153
Maine 2,734 1,766 88 95 207 739 218 57 5,337 1,119 129 42 −133 4,429 261 12
Maryland 9,200 7,610 248 −3,669 1,494 2,507 895 1,904 23,124 3,355 −76 1,324 −726 19,447 400 201
Massachusetts 20,410 16,214 64 3,018 2,522 1,956 2,145 −1,218 34,241 2,323 46 −513 −835 33,290 276 206
Michigan 15,545 7,412 −86 1,171 2,634 5,540 1,115 −11 38,786 −6,000 1,511 975 −579 42,800 −128 −49
Minnesota 9,905 7,202 −810 222 1,929 2,408 1,016 −30 21,261 2 3,154 1,561 −1,166 18,180 536 66
Mississippi 3,518 1,796 35 195 327 1,363 244 46 8,652 1,159 −85 289 −299 8,098 492 −18
Missouri 11,092 7,320 578 175 1,848 2,412 891 −350 17,473 1,897 1,458 438 −733 14,932 1,144 626
Montana 2,623 1,048 218 288 533 609 106 34 4,048 1,076 560 −68 −153 3,053 300 −120
Nebraska 3,226 2,304 868 −1,132 678 860 303 −49 7,115 1,533 1,814 117 −274 4,434 495 −13
Nevada 9,135 5,031 93 1,675 1,496 1,714 851 −22 9,663 −2,745 74 −234 −471 12,741 102 401
New Hampshire 3,636 1,934 15 816 202 498 297 469 4,876 1,447 11 −215 −42 4,249 214 −361
New Jersey 22,061 12,948 235 1,046 1,882 3,703 1,614 3,862 33,433 789 89 1,721 −773 33,614 470 −1,536
New Mexico 4,007 2,503 154 364 352 919 336 53 7,064 −47 327 82 −345 7,139 195 103
New York 45,033 37,716 744 −6,037 7,002 15,529 4,133 −5,789 78,577 −10,804 558 −2,491 −3,841 92,667 −785 1,703
North Carolina 25,014 15,297 354 2,641 3,642 5,142 2,059 −3 32,772 8,198 211 578 −255 26,538 1,930 −567
North Dakota 1,598 1,190 −51 178 185 336 110 −129 2,669 −1,048 1,629 18 −465 2,224 35 346
Ohio 17,411 12,708 −733 −528 2,947 5,090 1,713 −359 40,054 1,393 1,742 1,975 −1,582 37,875 1,213 −135
Oklahoma 8,793 3,823 124 1,937 1,166 2,261 501 −17 7,185 −871 387 −725 −892 9,609 298 −24
Oregon 9,772 6,477 247 93 1,664 2,287 907 −90 17,661 3,067 1,015 353 −58 14,231 659 −289
Pennsylvania 20,824 17,286 680 −3,732 3,367 5,350 1,799 −327 51,564 −2,637 440 202 −737 53,849 167 615
Rhode Island 2,537 1,071 1 266 198 566 162 597 4,391 183 10 145 −71 4,165 45 4
South Carolina 11,879 6,441 52 862 2,252 3,013 860 121 16,130 1,076 141 917 580 13,083 443 775
South Dakota 2,516 1,112 −91 824 431 418 166 −12 4,373 1,121 1,889 −40 −258 2,022 344 −18
Tennessee 14,801 7,889 463 2,797 1,221 3,734 1,061 −240 16,796 4,418 283 −3,002 −377 16,840 1,436 70
Texas 60,899 50,226 858 −5,719 9,181 11,517 4,801 −365 74,614 3,878 1,186 −1,516 −5,923 79,569 2,780 201
Utah 11,009 6,509 130 1,464 2,270 1,500 849 −16 12,321 6,088 210 667 301 6,089 982 −51
Vermont 1,132 557 116 123 49 304 44 28 2,325 −41 46 −6 −66 2,410 59 40
Virginia 17,664 12,619 219 1,687 1,651 4,016 1,610 −917 29,655 8,207 198 882 −1,838 23,838 1,473 −158
Washington 25,584 19,019 587 29 3,456 3,985 1,585 93 36,600 11,243 1,980 1,008 −326 24,106 1,631 219
West Virginia 1,522 132 41 53 226 647 −20 403 4,005 −1,213 49 235 −367 5,075 161 387
Wisconsin 10,494 6,430 166 464 1,783 2,489 952 114 16,028 792 1,898 347 −466 14,404 740 −208
Wyoming 734 728 61 −64 −108 244 110 −17 595 −625 210 −80 −339 1,441 −13 −25
CCAdj
Capital consumption adjustment
IVA
Inventory valuation adjustment

Updates to previously released estimates

Each September, BEA typically revises the preliminary estimates of annual state personal income released in March in order to incorporate the results of the annual update of the NIPAs and to incorporate state source data that are more complete and more detailed than those previously available (table F). In general, the components of personal income were revised from 1998 to 2020.

The NIPA estimate of U.S. personal income for 2020, after adjustment for differences in geographic coverage and the timing of the availability of source data, was revised down 0.4 percent (table G).8 This national estimate controls the state estimates.9 Table H shows contributions of revisions from components. U.S. personal current transfer receipts contributed 0.14 percent, nonfarm proprietors' income contributed 0.26 percent, and dividends, interest, and rent contributed 0.47 percent to this downward revision. These downward revisions were offset somewhat by a 0.53 percent upward contribution from wages and salaries, and small upward revisions to supplements to wages and salaries, farm proprietors' income, and contributions for government social insurance, contributing 0.04, 0.04 and 0.12 percent, respectively.

The unweighted average revision to 2020 personal income in the 50 states and the District of Columbia was 0.0 percent (table H). The average absolute revision was 1.1 percent.

The largest downward revisions for 2020 were for Hawaii (3.4 percent), Iowa (3.2 percent), and New Jersey (2.4 percent); the largest upward revisions were for North Dakota (3.6 percent) and South Dakota (3.5 percent). Property income (dividends, interest, and rent) and personal current transfer receipts contributed the most to the revision of personal income in Hawaii and New Jersey (table H). Farm proprietors' income and personal current transfer receipts contributed the most in Iowa. In North and South Dakota, the largest contributor to the upward revision was farm proprietors' income.

Table F. Regional Source Data Used to Estimate State Personal Income and Personal Current Taxes
Annual estimates
Wages and salaries by industry  
In general QCEW wage data.
Farm USDA farm labor expense data.
Agriculture and forestry support activities USDA farm labor expense data.
Rail transportation RRB state payroll and employment data; Census Bureau ACS Journey to work data.
Educational services CBP payroll data; Official Catholic Directory data.
Membership associations and organizations CBP payroll data; RRB payroll data.
Private households Census Bureau ACS data; Census Bureau population data.
Military DOD personnel data; Coast Guard personnel and payroll data.
State and local government Census Bureau Annual Survey of Public Employment and Payroll data; CES employment data.
   
Employer contributions for employee pension and insurance funds by industry  
Rail transportation FRA casualties data.
State and local government Census Bureau Annual Survey of Public Pensions contributions, pension service charges, and membership data; actuarial data from the CAFRs for a sample of state and local government retirement systems; MEPS employer contributions for health insurance data (certain states only).
All other industries NAIC earned premium data and NASI employers cost of self insurance data; MEPS employer contributions for health insurance data (certain states only).
   
Employer contributions for government social insurance by industry  
All industries Census Bureau State Government Finances data; QCEW data on contributions to unemployment insurance funds; OES data on employee wage distributions; CPS industry data on hours worked.
   
Proprietors' income  
Farm USDA gross income and expense data; ACS gross rental income; USDA ARMS corporate farm income data; Census of Agriculture livestock purchased and corporate farm income data.
Nonfarm industries IRS data on net profits of proprietorships and partnerships; USDA Rural Development net income of agricultural cooperatives; USDA RUS net margin, or profit, of cooperatives that have outstanding loans.
   
Residence adjustment Census Bureau ACS Journey to work data; IRS wage data.
   
Dividends, interest, and rent ACS  1-Year PUMS data; IRS income tax data on dividends, taxable interest, S Corporation distributions, gross rents and royalties, and net royalty income; OPM federal civilian retirement payments data; DOD military retirement payments data; SSA Social Security benefits data; FDIC deposits data; NCUA deposits data.
   
Personal current transfer receipts SSA data on Social Security benefits and Supplemental Security Income benefits; Census Bureau state and local government finance data on disability benefits, income maintenance benefits, state workers' compensation, and education benefits; CMS medical benefits data; DOD medical benefits data; DVA veterans benefits data; USDA data on SNAP and WIC; IRS SOI tax credit data; PBGC benefits data; DOL data on unemployment benefits, black lung disability benefits, and trade adjustment; DOE Pell Grants and enrollment data; HHS data on TANF, foster care and adoption assistance, and energy assistance; Census Bureau population data; Railroad Retirement Board data on retirement and disability benefits and unemployment compensation; among others (For a complete list of source data used, see State Personal Income and Employment: Concepts, Data Sources, and Statistical Methods).
   
Employee and self-employed contributions for government social insurance SSA Earnings and Employment Data for Workers Covered under Social Security and Medicare and other unpublished SSA data; California state temporary disability insurance data; Census Bureau state temporary disability insurance data; CMS supplemental medical insurance enrollment data; personal contributions for state unemployment insurance data from the states; DVA veterans' insurance premiums data.
   
Personal current taxes IRS income tax data; Census Bureau quarterly tax collections and state tax collections data; Census Bureau state and local government finance data.
Quarterly estimates
Wages and salaries by industry  
In general QCEW wage data; CES employment data.
Transportation and warehousing DOT payroll data.
Military DOD personnel data; Coast Gurard payroll data.
   
Personal current transfer receipts DOL unemployment rate data; CMS medical benefits data.
ACF TANF
Administration for Children and Families, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
ACS
American Community Survey, Census Bureau
ARMS
Agricultural Resource Management Survey
CAFR
Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
CBP
County Business Patterns, Census Bureau
CES
Current Employment Statistics survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics
CMS
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
CPS
Current Population Survey, Census Bureau
DOD
Department of Defense
DOE
Department of Education
DOL
Department of Labor
DOT
Department of Transportation
DVA
Department of Veterans Affairs
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FRA
Federal Railroad Administration
IRS
Internal Revenue Service
MEPS
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
NAIC
National Association of Insurance Commissioners
NASI
National Academy of Social Insurance
NCUA
National Credit Union Administration
OASDHI
Old-Age, Survivors, Disability, and Hospital Insurance, Social Security Administration
OES
Occupational Employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics
OPM
Office of Personnel Management
PBGC
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
QCEW
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Bureau of Labor Statistics
RRB
Railroad Retirement Board
RUS
Rural Utilities Service
SNAP
Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program
SSA
Social Security Administration
USDA
U.S. Department of Agriculture
WIC
Special Supplemental Nutrition for Women, Infants, and Children
ACF TANF
Administration for Children and Families, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
ACS
American Community Survey, Census Bureau
ARMS
Agricultural Resource Management Survey
CAFR
Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
CBP
County Business Patterns, Census Bureau
CES
Current Employment Statistics survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics
CMS
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
CPS
Current Population Survey, Census Bureau
DOD
Department of Defense
DOE
Department of Education
DOL
Department of Labor
DOT
Department of Transportation
DVA
Department of Veterans Affairs
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FRA
Federal Railroad Administration
IRS
Internal Revenue Service
MEPS
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
NAIC
National Association of Insurance Commissioners
NASI
National Academy of Social Insurance
NCUA
National Credit Union Administration
OASDHI
Old-Age, Survivors, Disability, and Hospital Insurance, Social Security Administration
OES
Occupational Employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics
OPM
Office of Personnel Management
PBGC
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
QCEW
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Bureau of Labor Statistics
RRB
Railroad Retirement Board
RUS
Rural Utilities Service
SNAP
Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program
SSA
Social Security Administration
USDA
U.S. Department of Agriculture
WIC
Special Supplemental Nutrition for Women, Infants, and Children
Table G. Percent Revisions to Personal Income, by State and the District of Columbia, 2016–2020
State 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
United States −0.4 −0.6 −0.9 −0.8 −0.4
Alabama 0.0 −0.3 −0.8 −0.2 −0.9
Alaska 0.2 0.1 −0.6 −1.4 −2.0
Arizona −0.4 −0.7 −1.1 −0.4 1.4
Arkansas 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3
California −2.4 −2.7 −3.3 −3.3 −1.8
Colorado −0.3 −0.8 −1.0 −0.5 0.4
Connecticut −1.0 −1.3 −1.2 −1.9 −1.5
Delaware 0.2 −0.1 0.4 −1.0 −1.2
District of Columbia −1.3 −1.1 −0.7 −2.8 −0.6
Florida 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.2 0.6
Georgia 0.5 0.4 −0.1 1.2 1.2
Hawaii −2.0 −2.2 −2.9 −2.7 −3.4
Idaho −0.4 −0.7 −1.7 −0.4 0.3
Illinois 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 −0.1
Indiana 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.1
Iowa 0.0 −0.1 −1.2 −2.4 −3.2
Kansas 0.4 0.4 −0.2 −0.4 0.1
Kentucky 0.4 0.2 −0.3 0.4 1.8
Louisiana 0.6 0.5 −0.1 0.7 1.7
Maine 0.5 0.5 −0.3 −0.3 0.0
Maryland −1.1 −1.2 −1.7 −2.4 −2.1
Massachusetts −1.0 −1.3 −1.6 −0.9 −1.6
Michigan 0.4 0.1 −0.1 0.1 0.5
Minnesota −0.3 −0.5 −0.6 −0.7 0.8
Mississippi 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.9
Missouri 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0
Montana 0.6 0.3 −0.3 0.8 0.1
Nebraska 0.3 0.1 −0.6 −1.0 −0.6
Nevada −0.2 −0.7 −1.0 0.9 0.2
New Hampshire 0.3 0.2 −0.1 0.5 1.0
New Jersey −1.0 −0.9 −1.0 −1.1 −2.4
New Mexico −0.3 −0.3 −0.8 −0.3 1.2
New York −0.9 −1.3 −1.8 −2.4 −1.4
North Carolina −0.5 −0.6 −0.9 −0.1 0.4
North Dakota 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.9 3.6
Ohio 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.7
Oklahoma 1.3 1.2 1.1 2.2 1.3
Oregon −1.2 −1.5 −1.8 −1.4 −0.8
Pennsylvania −0.2 −0.3 −0.1 −0.8 −0.8
Rhode Island −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 0.3 0.0
South Carolina 0.5 0.3 −0.3 0.2 1.1
South Dakota 0.7 0.8 −0.5 1.7 3.5
Tennessee 0.1 −0.1 0.1 0.7 1.0
Texas 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.5
Utah −0.8 −1.0 −1.3 0.3 −0.1
Vermont 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.9
Virginia −0.6 −0.7 −1.6 −1.3 −0.7
Washington −1.3 −1.7 −3.0 −2.7 −1.8
West Virginia 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.6 −0.3
Wisconsin −0.1 −0.3 −0.7 −0.5 0.2
Wyoming 0.8 0.6 −1.0 −1.6 −2.2

Note. The annual revisions are calculated from the March 2020 release of State Personal Income.

Table H. Contributions to the Revision to Personal Income, by Component and by State and the District of Columbia for 20201
  Percent revision Contributions to the revisions (percentage points)
State Personal income Wages and salaries Supplements to wages and salaries Nonfarm proprietors' income Farm proprietors' income Dividends, interest, and rent Personal current transfer receipts Contributions for government social insurance Adjustment for residence
United States −0.4 0.53 0.04 −0.26 0.04 −0.47 −0.14 0.12 0.00
Alabama −0.9 0.47 0.06 −0.53 0.21 0.02 −0.95 0.17 −0.03
Alaska −2.0 0.55 0.15 −0.94 0.07 −0.73 −0.94 0.13 0.00
Arizona 1.4 0.79 0.07 0.24 0.04 −0.29 0.85 0.21 −0.06
Arkansas 0.3 0.35 0.03 −0.08 0.01 0.49 −0.33 0.24 0.04
California −1.8 0.64 0.11 −0.28 −0.14 −2.56 0.48 0.05 0.00
Colorado 0.4 0.73 0.09 0.06 0.07 −0.56 0.14 0.13 0.00
Connecticut −1.5 0.61 0.20 −0.82 −0.02 −1.18 −0.15 0.09 −0.03
Delaware −1.2 0.44 0.07 −1.77 −0.03 0.60 −0.81 0.15 0.47
District of Columbia −0.6 0.84 −0.05 −1.77 0.00 −0.86 1.47 −0.23 −0.42
Florida 0.6 0.38 −0.18 −0.65 −0.09 1.43 −0.15 0.11 −0.01
Georgia 1.2 0.51 0.12 −0.32 0.01 0.39 0.61 0.11 0.01
Hawaii −3.4 0.04 0.41 0.23 −0.02 −2.25 −1.69 0.15 0.00
Idaho 0.3 0.69 −0.03 0.14 0.64 −0.51 −0.38 0.24 −0.01
Illinois −0.1 0.47 0.03 −0.25 0.19 0.36 −0.67 0.12 −0.09
Indiana 1.1 0.47 0.16 0.30 0.36 0.14 −0.14 0.30 0.14
Iowa −3.2 0.45 0.05 −0.25 −2.27 −0.36 −0.68 0.23 0.14
Kansas 0.0 0.42 −0.02 0.36 −0.86 0.18 0.29 0.18 −0.14
Kentucky 1.8 0.48 0.38 −0.04 0.31 0.04 1.13 0.31 −0.19
Louisiana 1.7 0.55 0.17 0.45 0.09 0.21 0.52 0.35 0.02
Maine 0.0 0.51 0.05 −0.17 0.14 0.01 −0.43 0.19 0.06
Maryland −2.1 0.30 −0.03 −1.14 0.01 −1.41 −0.03 −0.02 0.14
Massachusetts −1.6 1.05 0.11 0.38 0.00 −1.23 −1.78 0.14 0.02
Michigan 0.5 0.53 0.02 −0.17 0.17 0.21 −0.04 0.20 0.00
Minnesota 0.8 0.57 0.15 0.17 0.12 −0.17 0.06 0.18 0.03
Mississippi 0.9 0.54 0.21 −0.44 0.27 0.05 0.55 0.22 −0.05
Missouri 1.0 0.57 −0.17 −0.31 0.34 0.75 −0.06 0.24 0.12
Montana 0.1 0.54 −0.26 −0.01 0.23 0.40 −0.53 0.15 −0.17
Nebraska −0.6 0.41 −0.25 −0.97 0.55 0.12 −0.32 0.19 0.00
Nevada 0.2 0.55 0.19 0.21 0.02 −0.41 −0.44 0.10 0.14
New Hampshire 1.0 0.89 0.02 0.55 0.00 0.04 −0.07 0.14 −0.28
New Jersey −2.4 0.68 −0.01 0.01 0.01 −0.80 −2.18 0.09 0.01
New Mexico 1.2 0.70 0.28 0.21 0.09 −0.79 0.92 0.26 0.02
New York −1.4 0.66 0.12 −0.80 0.02 −1.53 0.20 0.09 −0.01
North Carolina 0.4 0.32 −0.05 0.25 0.16 −0.09 0.07 0.14 −0.09
North Dakota 3.6 0.15 0.36 0.19 2.34 0.46 0.12 0.46 0.45
Ohio 0.6 0.34 −0.04 −0.17 0.22 0.41 0.02 0.14 0.01
Oklahoma 1.3 0.48 0.34 0.66 0.00 0.96 −0.87 0.26 −0.03
Oregon −0.8 0.91 0.21 −0.28 0.27 −1.14 −0.61 0.08 −0.10
Pennsylvania −0.8 0.51 0.02 −0.49 0.05 −0.08 −0.79 0.04 0.03
Rhode Island 0.0 0.61 0.20 0.11 0.00 −0.15 −0.77 0.05 0.02
South Carolina 1.1 0.33 −0.36 0.11 0.11 0.75 −0.02 0.05 0.22
South Dakota 3.5 0.47 −0.19 1.02 2.35 0.21 −0.10 0.24 −0.01
Tennessee 1.0 0.63 0.11 0.06 0.09 0.20 0.08 0.22 0.03
Texas 0.5 0.33 0.00 −0.70 0.07 1.22 −0.30 0.11 0.02
Utah −0.1 0.77 −0.01 0.42 0.03 −0.13 −1.16 0.00 −0.01
Vermont 0.9 0.54 0.30 0.22 0.06 0.05 −0.02 0.28 0.06
Virginia −0.6 0.42 0.08 0.06 0.06 −1.14 0.08 0.10 −0.10
Washington −1.8 0.30 −0.13 −0.16 0.23 −2.13 −0.01 −0.08 0.06
West Virginia −0.3 0.57 −0.41 −0.08 0.09 0.24 −0.67 0.30 0.30
Wisconsin 0.2 0.61 0.03 −0.18 0.25 −0.35 0.04 0.17 −0.05
Wyoming −2.2 0.47 0.03 −0.59 0.35 −1.91 −0.22 0.22 −0.14
  1. Personal income is the sum of wages and salaries, supplements to wages and salaries, nonfarm proprietors' income, farm proprietors' income, dividends, interest, and rent, and personal current transfer receipts less contributions for government social insurance plus the adjustment for residence.

In October 2021, BEA released current-dollar statistics on personal consumption expenditures (PCE) by state for 2020. PCE fell 2.6 percent nationwide in 2020, falling in all states and the District of Columbia except for small increases in Arkansas, Idaho, Montana, and Utah. PCE decelerated in all states and the District of Columbia. The percent changes ranged from a low of −5.8 percent in the District of Columbia to a high of 1.2 percent in Utah (chart 8).

Chart 8. Percent Change in Personal Consumption Expenditure by State. Hex-map chart of the United States.

[Click chart to expand]

PCE by state is a household consumption measure that reflects the value of the goods and services purchased by, or on behalf of, households by state of residence. These statistics on households provide an indication of economic well-being as well as information on consumption patterns across states and over time. For example, the statistics show how households allocate their spending between goods and services or between necessities and discretionary items or how consumers adjust their spending to changes in the economy. As a more specific example of this concept, detailed information on PCE by category shows that in 2020, consumption of gasoline and other energy goods in Utah decreased from its 2019 level by $922.3 million and consumption of food services and accommodations decreased by $1.0 billion, while consumption of food and beverages purchased for off-premises consumption increased by $995.7 million. This is consistent with a story of reduced travel and increased social distancing. One may use these figures to determine the extent to which spending on goods and services in these categories was affected in different states and the District of Columbia during a year in which the COVID-19 pandemic was a dominant theme.

The states for which PCE had the largest percent change from 2019 to 2020 include Arizona (−0.2 percent), Arkansas (0.1 percent), Idaho (1.2 percent), Montana (0.4 percent), South Carolina (−0.3 percent), and Utah (1.2 percent). This list includes only states in the Rocky Mountain, Southwest, and Southeast regions. (See table I.)

PCE declined the most in Alaska (−5.7 percent), California (−4.4 percent), the District of Columbia (−5.8 percent), Hawaii (−5.3 percent), Maryland (−4.4 percent), Massachusetts (−5.1 percent), Minnesota (−4.3 percent), and New York (−5.3 percent). This list includes multiple states in the Mideast region and in the Far West region, as well as one in each of the Great Lakes and New England regions.

Table I. Percent Change in Total Personal Consumption Expenditures, by State and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020
[Percent change]
State 2019 2020
United States 3.7 −2.6
Alabama 4.0 −0.7
Alaska 3.1 −5.7
Arizona 5.2 −0.2
Arkansas 2.7 0.1
California 4.7 −4.4
Colorado 5.2 −0.9
Connecticut 2.1 −3.2
Delaware 3.6 −2.2
District of Columbia 3.5 −5.8
Florida 4.3 −2.0
Georgia 4.0 −1.9
Hawaii 3.9 −5.3
Idaho 4.3 1.2
Illinois 2.6 −3.6
Indiana 2.5 −1.1
Iowa 2.1 −2.4
Kansas 3.0 −1.4
Kentucky 2.7 −0.9
Louisiana 3.0 −1.7
Maine 3.4 −1.6
Maryland 2.5 −4.4
Massachusetts 3.5 −5.1
Michigan 2.8 −2.9
Minnesota 2.9 −4.3
Mississippi 1.8 −0.6
Missouri 3.0 −2.4
Montana 3.5 0.4
Nebraska 2.6 −1.2
Nevada 4.8 −2.3
New Hampshire 3.6 −1.8
New Jersey 3.4 −2.7
New Mexico 2.0 −2.3
New York 3.9 −5.3
North Carolina 5.0 −0.5
North Dakota 2.1 −3.5
Ohio 2.7 −2.1
Oklahoma 2.2 −1.1
Oregon 4.5 −1.3
Pennsylvania 3.1 −4.0
Rhode Island 2.8 −3.8
South Carolina 4.3 −0.3
South Dakota 3.8 −0.7
Tennessee 4.1 −1.0
Texas 4.0 −0.8
Utah 5.4 1.2
Vermont 2.5 −3.9
Virginia 2.9 −2.7
Washington 4.5 −2.4
West Virginia 2.3 −2.5
Wisconsin 2.8 −2.3
Wyoming 2.0 −1.5
Net expenditures abroad by U.S. residents1 9.3 −2.8
  1. Net expenditures abroad by U.S. residents consists of government and private employees' expenditures abroad less personal remittances in kind to nonresidents.

The District of Columbia, in which PCE dropped by 5.8 percent, was impacted by the pandemic particularly hard. The largest sources of the decline in PCE were expenditures on services. Transportation services contributed 1.5 percentage points to the decline, while reductions in food and accommodation services contributed 3.4 percentage points. The other major category in which PCE decreased in the District of Columbia was social services and religious activities, contributing 1.4 percentage points. Together, these three categories accounted for a decline of 6.4 percent, which was partially reversed by the remaining categories, which together contributed an increase in PCE of 0.6 percent. The categories contributing to the large decline in PCE were among those affected most by the COVID-19 pandemic.10

PCE in Utah, which increased by 1.2 percent, balanced an increase in spending on goods with a decrease in spending on services. Spending on goods contributed 2.5 percentage points to the increase in PCE, while spending on services contributed a reduction of 1.3 percentage points. Reductions in services spending were spread among health care and social assistance (0.8 percent), transportation services (0.7 percent), recreation services (1.0 percent) and food services and accommodation (0.8 percent). The categories that drove a large decrease in spending in the District of Columbia contributed less to the change in spending on Utah, and an increase in spending on goods more than made up for the decline in services consumption.

Table J. Population Growth Rates, Selected States
State Population growth rate
Arizona 1.78%
Arkansas 0.32%
Idaho 2.12%
Montana 0.98%
South Carolina 1.17%
Utah 1.45%
   
Alaska −0.33%
California −0.18%
District of Columbia 0.64%
Hawaii −0.61%
Maryland 0.01%
Massachusetts −0.02%
Minnesota 0.31%
New York −0.65%

Source. U.S. Census Bureau July 1, 2020, population estimates

Table J shows population growth rates for Utah and the District of Columbia. Typically states with the largest growth in PCE tend to have faster-growing populations, while states with slower growth or declines in PCE tend to have slow-growing or declining populations. Nevertheless, population growth trends do not explain all differences in PCE growth. Chart 9 shows PCE in Utah and in the District of Columbia, indexed to 2013. The solid lines represent indexed PCE, while the dotted lines represent PCE extrapolated for 2020 based on the previous year's growth rate. This graph shows that PCE growth in Utah has outpaced PCE growth in the District of Columbia over this period. However, it also suggests that the relatively larger increase in spending in Utah in 2020 was not exclusively due to differences in trends, since PCE in Utah fell less far below trend in 2020 than did the District of Columbia.

Chart 9. Index of Personal Consumption Expenditures, Utah and the District of Columbia

[Click chart to expand]

Changes to concepts and methods

Improvements in methods and the addition of new source data resulted in revisions to personal consumption expenditures for 1997–2019. This first major improvement to methods relates to improved measurement of housing services, which BEA now computes using data about individual housing units from the American Community Survey.11 In addition to improving the accuracy and reliability of BEA housing services measures, the new measures provide a more streamlined integrated approach to estimating housing services across BEA's national and regional programs. The second major improvement is use of new source data to conduct the residency adjustment (see box “Personal Consumption Expenditures by State,” below), wherein the PCE by state program applies adjustment factors to the detailed PCE categories rather than to more aggregate categories. The new source data used for residence adjustment are public use microdata from the Consumer Expenditures Survey and credit card spending flows data from Fiserv.12 Additionally, there were improvements in methods and data for the measurement of expenditures on financial services and utilities. All three improvements provide additional accuracy and also allows the publication of data at a finer level of industry detail.

The newly introduced methods provide data users 113 publication lines and detailed information at the NIPA table 2.4.5 level and 124 publication lines and detailed information at the NIPA table 2.5.5 aggregation level by function. New tables are available from 1997 to 2020 for 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Revisions

The October release of PCE by state included updated statistics for 1997–2019. The updated statistics incorporated the results of the 2021 annual update of the NIPAs, newly available and revised regional source data, and improvements in concepts and methods.

New source data incorporated include (years affected in parentheses):

  • Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (BLS) (2016–2020)
  • U.S. Census Bureau Census American Community Survey 1-year PUMS file (2001–2019)
  • Consumer Expenditure Survey (2015–2019)
  • Fiserv Card Transaction data (2015–2019)
  • Other source data:
    • Census of Government Finances (2016–2019)
    • Data from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (2020), the National Credit Union Administration (2020), and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (2020)
    • United States Department of Agriculture/Economic Research Service (2019)
    • Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2020), National Association of Rail Passengers (2020)
    • BEA Employment (2016–2020)

Current-dollar national PCE was revised down in 2016 (−0.6 percent), 2017 (−0.8 percent), 2018 (−0.6 percent), and 2019 (−0.8 percent) (table K). Between 2016 and 2019, the largest upward revision at the state level was for the District of Columbia, which was revised up in each year between 6.1 percent in 2016 and 6.9 percent in 2019. The largest downward revisions were in Nevada (−7.9 percent in 2016) and in South Dakota (−7.8 percent in 2018 and 2019). The average unweighted revision across states and the District of Columbia ranged from 0.7 percent to 0.9 percent between 2016 and 2019.

Table K. Percent Revisions to Total Personal Consumption Expenditures, by State and the District of Columbia, 2016–2019
  Percent revision
State 2016 2017 2018 2019
United States −0.6 −0.8 −0.6 −0.8
Alabama 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1
Alaska 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.9
Arizona 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.9
Arkansas 0.3 −0.2 −0.5 −1.2
California −1.0 −1.2 −0.9 −1.3
Colorado 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.4
Connecticut −4.0 −4.1 −4.4 −5.1
Delaware 2.4 1.9 2.5 2.8
District of Columbia 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.9
Florida 4.7 4.7 5.1 4.7
Georgia 2.4 2.3 2.7 3.0
Hawaii −4.4 −4.6 −4.4 −4.3
Idaho −4.3 −4.4 −3.5 −3.7
Illinois −1.7 −2.1 −1.7 −1.9
Indiana −1.0 −0.9 −0.5 −1.3
Iowa −1.6 −2.1 −1.8 −1.8
Kansas 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.3
Kentucky 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.7
Louisiana 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9
Maine −2.6 −2.1 −2.4 −2.4
Maryland −1.8 −2.3 −1.9 −2.3
Massachusetts −2.4 −2.5 −2.6 −2.6
Michigan 0.8 1.0 1.6 1.4
Minnesota −1.0 −1.0 −1.0 −1.3
Mississippi 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.3
Missouri −0.1 −0.5 −0.2 −0.5
Montana 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.5
Nebraska −0.4 −0.6 −0.1 −0.2
Nevada −7.9 −7.2 −6.3 −5.3
New Hampshire −3.3 −3.0 −2.9 −3.0
New Jersey −4.6 −4.9 −4.4 −4.8
New Mexico −2.5 −2.2 −2.1 −2.4
New York −4.8 −4.8 −4.7 −4.9
North Carolina 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.8
North Dakota −1.5 −2.6 −3.9 −4.6
Ohio −3.8 −4.5 −4.6 −4.7
Oklahoma −0.6 −0.9 −0.7 −1.4
Oregon −2.8 −2.3 −2.0 −1.9
Pennsylvania 0.5 0.3 0.6 −0.1
Rhode Island −4.5 −4.9 −5.0 −5.3
South Carolina 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.9
South Dakota −7.3 −7.4 −7.8 −7.8
Tennessee 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.6
Texas 0.8 0.5 0.2 −0.2
Utah −4.8 −4.8 −5.0 −5.3
Vermont −1.1 −1.4 −0.8 −0.2
Virginia −4.2 −4.8 −4.6 −5.0
Washington −0.9 −0.9 −0.4 −1.2
West Virginia 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.0
Wisconsin −3.2 −3.2 −2.7 −2.7
Wyoming −0.1 −0.5 −1.2 −1.8
Net expenditures abroad by U.S. residents1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7

Note. Percent revision from preceding period was calculated from unrounded data. Expenditures may not sum to higher level aggregates because of rounding.

  1. Net expenditures abroad by U.S. residents consists of government and private employees' expenditures abroad less personal remittances in kind to nonresidents.

 

  1. See Dunn, Abe, Kyle Hood, and Alexander Driessen, “Measuring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Spending Using Card Transaction Data,” BEA Working Paper Series, WP2020-5, April 2020.
  2. See, for example, Friesen, Garth “No End In Sight For The COVID-Led Global Supply Chain Disruption,” Forbes, September 3, 2021.
  3. See “The 2021 Annual Update of the National Income and Product Accounts,” Survey of Current Business 101 (August 2021).
  4. See How will the expansion of unemployment benefits in response to the COVID-19 pandemic be recorded in the NIPAs?, How are federal economic impact payments to support individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic recorded in the NIPAs?, and How does the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic affect BEA's estimates of personal interest payments? for additional details.
  5. See https://www.bls.gov/charts/employment-situation/civilian-unemployment-rate.htm.
  6. The Coronavirus Food Assistance Program, initially established by the CARES Act, provides direct support to farmers and ranchers where prices and market supply chains have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
  7. The Paycheck Protection Program, initially established by the CARES Act, provides forgivable loans to help small businesses and nonprofit institutions make payroll and cover other expenses. It also provides funding to reimburse private lending institutions for the costs of administering these loans. For more information, see How does the Paycheck Protection Program impact the national income and product accounts (NIPAs)?
  8. For more information about the adjustments, see the box “Personal Income in the NIPAs and State Personal Income.”
  9. The components of NIPA personal income are estimated independently of the components of state personal income, often using data sources that are not available for states. To reconcile the sum of state estimates with the adjusted NIPA estimates, the state estimates are adjusted proportionately. In other words, the adjusted NIPA estimates control the sum of the state estimates.
  10. See Dunn, Abe, Kyle Hood, and Alexander Driessen, “Measuring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Spending Using Card Transaction Data,” BEA Working Paper Series, WP2020-5, April 2020.
  11. See Rassier, Dylan G., Bettina H. Aten, Eric B. Figueroa, Solomon Kublashvili, Brian J. Smith, and Jack York (2021), “Improved Measures of Housing Services for the U.S. Economic Accounts,” Survey of Current Business, May 2021.
  12. A credit card intermediary company that provides detailed information on location of the consumer along with location of the firms.